Newsletter XXXI 2022 |
August 01th to 06th
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Nuclear Power Accidents
This PDF file contains a list of known incidents from the various areas of the civil and military nuclear industry. Some of this information only came to the public in a roundabout way...
Excerpt for this month:
August 1, 1983 (INES ? Class.?) Pickering, CAN
August 2, 1992 (INES ? Class.?) Pickering, CAN
August 4, 2005 (INES ? Class.?) Indian Point, USA
August 6, 1945 (1st atomic bomb dropped by the USA) Hiroshima, USA
August 9, 2009 (INES 1 Class.?) Gravelines, FRA
August 9, 2004 (INES 1 Class.?) Mihama, JPN
August 9, 1945 (2st atomic bomb dropped by the USA) Nagasaki, USA
August 10, 1985 (INES 5) Submarine K-431, USSR
August 12, 2001 (INES 2) Phillipsburg, DEU
August 12, 2000, Submarine K-141_Kursk, RUS
August 18, 2015 (INES 2) Blayais, FRA
August 19, 2008 (INES 1) Santa Maria de Garona, ESP
August 21, 2007 (INES 2) Beznau, CHE
August 21, 1945 (INES 4) atomic bomb research in Los Alamos, USA
August 25, 2008 (INES 3) IRE Fleurus, BEL
August 29, 1949 (1st USSR atomic bomb test) Semipalatinsk, KAZ
August 30, 2003, Submarine K-159, RUS
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We are looking for current information. If you can help, please send a message to: nuclear-world@reaktorpleite.de
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06. August
Australia | Wave power plant | Efficient
This floating hydroelectric power station generates electricity from waves
In Australia, a floating wave power plant supplies an entire island with electricity. The hydroelectric power plant of the Australian company Wave Swell converts the power of waves into energy.
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commemorate in Hiroshima
UN chief: 'Humanity is playing with a loaded gun'
The flash of the atomic bomb turned Hiroshima into an inferno. 77 years after the first atomic bomb was dropped in a war, the nuclear threat is on the rise again.
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United States | Japan | Atomic bombs
"Little Boy" and "Fat Man" - the trivialized terror of nuclear war
To commemorate the atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US Air Force
This war crime was also the first maneuver to deceive world public opinion by the US administration during the Cold War, long before it officially began. The grandson of US President Truman, who was responsible in 1945, said what was really going on at a memorial service in Hiroshima in 2012: At the time, the atomic bombs were dropped on the civilian population of the two major cities "mainly for the purpose of deterring the Soviet Union", the traditional Swiss newspaper Der Bund quoted him as saying ...
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Federal Environment Ministry sharply criticizes TÜV paper on nuclear power plants
Berlin A report on the two Bavarian nuclear power plants is heavily criticized. According to the Federal Environment Ministry, the paper does not meet the requirements of nuclear law.
The TÜV was not commissioned to "issue a comprehensive safety assessment", but nevertheless came to the conclusion: "From a safety point of view, there are therefore no concerns about continued operation." The Ministry of the Environment considers this to be inadmissible ...
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Climate change | climate fear | Climate protection
Climate fear: A "completely rational reaction"
The real threat of climate change can cause great mental strain. It is high time that politics and research dealt more intensively with the fear of climate change.
If you become active in climate protection yourself in communities with others, it is easier to overcome your own fear of climate change and climate protection would be actively promoted.
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Atomic Energy in France
File number AKW... unresolved
Half of France's nuclear reactors are idle because they are obsolete. President Macron is planning a new building program. But the energy crisis is now.
Other unsolved problems with excessive vibrations from lines in the primary circuit of the EPR were supposedly temporarily reduced with "shock absorbers". The energy group EDF cannot guarantee that Flamanville-3 will start production in the second half of 2023. The only "solution" that the unflinching supporters of nuclear energy in France can think of is extending the service life of the plants, some of which are already 40 years old. They should last at least 10 years longer after regular inspections and maintenance ...
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August 06, 1945 (1st atomic bomb dropped by the USA) Hiroshima, JPN
Wikipedia
August 6, 1945 - The first atomic bomb - the 'Little Boy' uranium bomb - was dropped on Hiroshima! (Explosive force 1 tons of TNT)
Little Boy was the codename of the first atomic bomb used in a war, dropped by the USAAF B-6 Enola Gay bomber on August 1945, 29 over the Japanese city of Hiroshima, hence the name Hiroshima bomb. The nuclear weapon with a charge of uranium was developed in early 1942 as part of the Manhattan Project and achieved an explosive force of around 13 kilotons of TNT.
20.000 to 90.000 people died immediately in the nuclear explosion and the firestorm it initiated; many of the survivors (“Hibakusha") are still suffering from the long-term effects of the radioactive exposure they received ...
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Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The two atomic bomb blasts killed a total of about 92.000 people instantly.
A further 130.000 people died as a result of the attacks by the end of 1945, and countless others died from consequential damage in the years that followed.
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05. August
Nuclear lobby | Arithmetic artist Lindner | Kini Jödler
In addition to the usual pro-nuclear propaganda, the chief lobbyist for the German nuclear industry also addressed one or two notable points.
chief nuclear lobbyist
"No one should have this dream"
Can nuclear power save us from the energy crisis? Ralf Güldner explains potential, limits and why he considers some political demands to be absurd.
The fact that gas generation can be switched off completely ...
As FDP Finance Minister Christian Lindner is currently demanding...
… that is a dream that no one should seriously have. At the Stadtwerke in particular we have gas-fired power plants that fulfill an important double function: they supply electricity and heat in winter. If we turn them off, we'll lose both. This will not work.
[...]
What do you think of statements like that of Bavaria's Prime Minister Markus Söder: He recently ruled again that Bavaria was unsuitable for a repository.
That's flat and annoying from Söder. And I say that as a Bavarian. Nuclear power has advanced Bavaria's industry. At times it supplied 60 percent of the country's energy. It is currently 12 percent, more than the national average. Bavaria, like the rest of Germany, has to face the consequences of living in prosperity now...
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France | Dryness | Lack of water | Drinking water
France: Current worst drought on record
It has never been so dry in France since records began. But is the worst over now?
In France, large parts of the mainland are now suffering from drought. Depending on the severity, there are different restrictions on water use - for example when watering. Borne called on the population to use water sparingly. Béchu warned that you have to get used to dry periods like the current one. But he also assured that the more tense the situation is, the more priority will be given to making water available for drinking instead of, for example, for industry ...
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Important facts about the topic: Hot Fish Soup: Rivers like the Garonne, which – coming from the Pyrenees – has to cool four reactors, did not just become too warm this summer. Your water temperature for the past week has exceeded the 29 degrees Celsius – the one specified by the ASN Alarm must already be at 28 degrees to be triggered ...
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waste incineration | Emissions trading
"Burning waste is not decarbonization"
The inclusion of waste incineration in emissions trading, as planned by the EU, is overdue, says Thomas Fischer from Deutsche Umwelthilfe. On the other hand, he thinks it is absurd that in Germany the incineration of biogenic waste is given the same status as emission-free energy sources such as wind and sun. Part 1 of the interview.
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Meyer Burger produces fewer modules than planned
Supply chain bottlenecks and lower throughput slow Meyer Burger down in the production of solar modules. The company assumes that the modules manufactured in the Saxon factories in 2023 will all be installed on house roofs.
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Majority for extension of terms
41 percent of Germans want nuclear power plants
According to a survey, a large proportion of Germans not only want the lifetime of nuclear power plants to be extended. However, 52 percent are against it.
The greatest thing was the approval for an expansion of operations among supporters of the CDU/CSU, FDP and AfD...
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Juggling people's fears has brought many a liar to the fore. Fear eats away at the soul and constant dripping wears away the hard stone and of course also the soft brain...
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Green light for green heat
The EU Commission gives the green light for the multi-billion dollar subsidy for green district and local heating. The federal funding for efficient heating networks (BEW) is intended to promote the expansion of heating networks based on renewable energies and waste heat in the future.
Operators of heating networks and those who want to become one are eligible to apply. In addition to energy supply companies, municipalities and municipal utilities, these also include registered associations and cooperatives. Investment grants of up to 40 percent are possible.
Germany had notified the Commission in June 2022 of the funding program for converting the heating networks to greenhouse gas neutrality and for the construction of new climate-neutral networks. After the funding guideline has come into force, it will now be possible to submit an application to the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA) ...
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04. August
extra 3 from 04.08.2022 - 3rd article: Lifetime extension of nuclear vehicles: exit from exit?
Markus Söder is also in favor of a longer term for the three remaining nuclear power plants. He sees nuclear power as an alternative to gas power generation. What about wind turbines? Bavaria built just three wind turbines in the first half of the year. That doesn't even go through as "always trying" in the job reference. At most when it comes to telling others how to do it right. Söder always says to everything: "Okay - but not here!" wind power? "Okay - but not here!" Nuclear power - including repository? "Okay - but not here!" fracking? "Okay - but not here!"
Markus Söder is for fracking, but only in Lower Saxony. For nuclear power, but doesn't want a repository in Bavaria, nor does it want wind power or power lines. All advantages, but no consequences - what Söder wants is basically the Terrawatt legend Windmühlsau, the squaring of the circuit.
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Nuclear power instead of gas? It costs!
For many block-type thermal power stations, it is uneconomical to switch from gas to oil. In order for that to change, money is needed from the state – instead of a traffic light dispute about extending the lifetime of nuclear power plants.
Natural gas generation still accounts for about 12 percent of gas consumption. About two-thirds of these are combined heat and power plants, which could generally be converted to oil-fired boilers. This would quickly save more than 5 percent of the total gas consumption. This is the largest currently untapped natural gas replacement opportunity. It is possible that this amount of savings could just about prevent shutdowns for the industry. Compared to the damage caused by an industrial meltdown, the cost to operators of switching to oil is small...
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Nuclear power: How the stretching operation of nuclear power plants works
In the discussion as to whether the nuclear power plants in Germany should be operated for a longer period of time, stretch operation is mentioned again and again. What exactly does that mean?
According to current law, the last three nuclear power plants in Germany must be shut down by December 31, 2022 at the latest. But in view of the lack of gas, there are increasing political demands to let the power plants run longer. In this context, the keyword "stretching operation" regularly appears, which would enable the nuclear power plants to produce energy - albeit at a reduced rate - for a longer period of time. But what exactly is that? How long can nuclear power plants run in this mode? And is that really safe? ...
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Federal government accuses Bavaria of lax handling of nuclear safety
This contradicts the principles of German supervisory practice, complains the supreme supervisor of the federal government.
In the dispute over the continued operation of the Isar 2 nuclear power plant, the federal government accuses the Bavarian authorities of being lax in their handling of nuclear safety regulations. This emerges from a letter from the chief supervisor of the federal government, Gerrit Niehaus, to the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment. It is available from the Süddeutsche Zeitung. Niehaus wrote to his counterpart in Munich that he had to state "that you were making an assessment of security that I couldn't understand and that contradicted the principles of German supervisory practice." These principles include "relying on thorough testing and evidence." ...
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Energy professor: nuclear power "most expensive electricity of all time"
The Regensburg energy professor Michael Sterner is against a nuclear power extension in Germany. The energy policy of the CSU is "catastrophic", nuclear power is the "most expensive of all time", according to the expert. He is now calling for EU-wide austerity measures.
If Professor Sterner has his way, the Bavarian Prime Minister should "apologize to the population for the unsuccessful energy policy and finally adopt and implement energy-saving measures"...
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Restart of Mihama nuclear power plant delayed due to radioactive water leak
On August 1, 2022, a leak was found in the reactor auxiliary building during a routine inspection. It is estimated that about seven tons of contaminated water escaped as a result. In addition, the leak is close to equipment designed to prevent the contaminated cooling water for the reactor from escaping into the environment...
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Baden-Württemberg | Agri photovoltaics
Farmers rarely get permits for solar systems on the field
Many farmers want to build open-space solar systems, even if the costs have recently increased massively. In BaWü there are no permits yet. NRW is a bit further there and has running systems.
So far, however, not a single plant in the country has been approved using this simplified procedure. It is said that the requirements for this classification are difficult to meet. According to the Ministry of the Environment, there are currently only three farms in Baden-Württemberg with agri-photovoltaics...
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Kini Jödler and Merzthutjanix in the summer freshness
Dispute over longer terms: Söder and Merz visit nuclear power plants
Munich/Berlin (dpa) - Against the background of the debate about longer nuclear lifetimes, CDU leader Friedrich Merz and CSU leader Markus Söder will visit the Isar 2 power plant near Landshut in Bavaria on Thursday.
In 2011, the then federal government under Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU) decided to gradually phase out nuclear energy for Germany after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan. In the Union, the nuclear phase-out was very controversial for many years before the debate recently flared up again.
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ideological debate | nuclear power | speed limit
Commentary: From nuclear power to speed limits - what does "ideology-free" mean?
When it comes to nuclear power and the speed limit, those who call for "non-ideological debates" the loudest are the least open to factual arguments.
Sure, the ideologues are always the others. But that doesn't mean that ideologues are evenly distributed across the political spectrum. This can be seen, for example, in the debate about nuclear power and the speed limit.
What it looks like when arguments become ideological is shown by a quote from the CDU chairman Friedrich Merz about a possible extension of the service life: "I don't care whether with or without stretching. Things have to keep going." In other words: whether it's A or B, my decision is definitely C. Leave me alone with the details!
One can hardly express more clearly how little one is interested in arguments. Nevertheless, Merz undauntedly calls for "non-ideological discussions"...
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August 04, 2005 (INES Class.?) NPP Indian Point, NY, USA
USA - Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1 was shut down in 1974, Unit 2 on April 30, 2020 and Unit 3 was shut down on April 30, 2021.
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Wikipedia - English
Indian Point Energy Center#Incidents
In 2005, Entergy personnel digging discovered a small leak in a spent fuel pool. Water containing tritium and strontium-90 had leaked through a crack in the pool building and entered the nearby Hudson River. Workers managed to safely cover the spent fuel rods despite the leak. Also, on March 22, 2006, The New York Times reported that radioactive nickel-63 and strontium were found in groundwater on the property.
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List of nuclear power plant accidents by country
August 04, 2005 - Entergy's Indian Point Energy Center nuclear power plant vented tritium and strontium into underground lakes from 1974 to 2005
Translated with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
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03. August
Saxony | blocked | Energy transition
The energy transition has not failed. She has been blocked
Michael Kretschmer considers the energy transition to have failed, and representatives of Saxon medium-sized companies agree with him. In the guest article, VEE President Wolfgang Daniels explains why this is wrong.
No: The energy transition has not failed, but has been slowed down by political unwillingness in the last two decades, and in some cases has been deliberately blocked and sabotaged. Also and especially in Saxony. At the same time, Prime Minister Kretschmer and the representative of small and medium-sized businesses, Rosenberg, get caught up in their own arguments...
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Summer slump | Kini Jödler | Merzthutjanix | Arithmetic artist Lindner | WiP
Summer hole surfers and problem bears chase sows through villages
Actually, the summer slump is a really good invention. The bosses can go on vacation in peace and the players from the back rows, who have not had a chance to see even a journalist from the front all year round, can express their opinion in the summer slump, nobody hears it and nobody cares.
That's how it's always been in the summer slump. Not so in the summer of 2022, where the bosses are omnipresent and take every opportunity to show their incompetence. A particularly good example of this is the beer tent influencer and folk festival entertainer Markus Söder, who is known to all of his fans by the stage name "green Shrek" aka "Kini Jödler".
That's not Bayern bashing, that's Söder failure.
Every day he struts in front of the cameras and comes up with some "new" - with all due respect - nonsense idea from the last century.
- Lifetime extension of nuclear power stations across the country
- Fracking in Northern Germany
- Bayern bashing from Berlin
You ask yourself: what kind of nonsense will he come up with tomorrow?
- Beyond the white sausage equator, wages should only be paid in unchilled wheat beer?
- Entry ban for all of Bavaria in the case of lèse majesty?
- Introduction of corporal punishment for rebellious Prussians?
- Exit from the exit from the chancellor candidate show?
There is plenty of work to be done in beautiful Bavaria and people will be found for it.
And what does Markus Söder do when others are doing his work?
Maybe he should become a jacket model.
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Wind energy | distance rule | Air traffic control
More space for wind turbines
By 2032, around two percent of the land area in Germany is to be designated for wind energy. An important step for more space has now been implemented: In future, wind turbines may be closer to radio systems.
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02. August
KiKK study | cancer risk | Low-level radiation
Nuclear power plants and childhood cancer: is there a connection?
The Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011 shook the public awake. But are there also risks in normal nuclear power plant operation? Older studies suggest an increased cancer rate in children in the vicinity of nuclear power plants. What is the current standing?
Nuclear power is back in fashion. Due to the Russian war of aggression in Ukraine and the associated problems with the gas supply, an extension of the service life of the remaining nuclear power plants is being discussed. Still remaining are Neckarwestheim 2, Emsland and Isar 2, which according to current law must be shut down by December 31st at the latest. The federal government wants to take its time with the decision.
KiKK study: The risk of cancer in children increases around nuclear power plants
In addition to the question of a repository for nuclear waste - the search for a location continues to be difficult - other concerns that speak against nuclear power keep coming up. More than a decade ago, the so-called KiKK study commissioned by the Federal Office for Radiation Protection found that the risk of cancer in children under the age of five was significantly increased within five kilometers of nuclear power plants. The incidence rate for leukemia, for example, was about twice as high in the study period from 5 to 1980 as would have been statistically expected. To explain: Radioactive radiation can disrupt cell division in the body. Important enzymes can become inoperable or entire cell building blocks can be destroyed. The genetic material can also be damaged - even "in utero", i.e. in fetuses inside the uterus...
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Canada | Pickering | release | Tritium
Aug 02, 1992 (INES Class.?) NPP Pickering, CAN
Safety Issues at Pickering "A" Nuclear Power Plant
A severe water leak from a heat exchanger in Pickering Reactor 1 resulted in the release of 2300 trillion becquerels of radioactive tritium into Lake Ontario. It was the worst tritium release in Canada to date; Elevated levels of tritium have been measured in drinking water from Toronto and along the shore of Lake Ontario from Whitby to Burlington.
Translated with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Obviously she has Nuclear lobby also in English Wikipedia their fingers in the pie, because this serious accident is not or no longer to be found in Wikipedia. They also managed to keep this incident out of the INES list...
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01. August
Arithmetic artist Lindner | gas electricity | Blackout | Bavaria
Completely dispensing with gas in power generation is obviously not possible
Christian Lindner is pushing for an end to electricity production from gas. But according to Robert Habeck's ministry, blackouts could result. In one federal state in particular, “systemically relevant gas power plants” are needed.
“Systemically relevant gas power plants cannot simply be switched off.” These are needed above all in Bavaria. "There are also gas-fired power plants that produce heat as well as electricity in order to supply this heat to protected customers, namely consumers, some of whom are also systemically relevant." ...
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Great Britain | EDF | shut down
No term extension in the UK
The third reactor on the island this year has already been shut down. Meanwhile, the nuclear power country France is struggling with numerous problems of its expensive and vulnerable nuclear power plant fleet.
The energy supplier EDF Energy finally shut down the British nuclear reactor Hinkley Point B-1 in the southwest of the country on Monday after the first system of the double power plant, B-2, went offline at the beginning of July. This continues the wave of shutdowns in the country.
Last year three reactors were shut down on the island, two plants in Dungeness in the south-east and Hunterston B-1 in Scotland, followed in January 2022 by Hunterston B-2 ...
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renewable | biogas | Energy price
Abolish quantity limits for biogas and identify areas for wind power more quickly
The state association for renewable energies in North Rhine-Westphalia is pushing for the rapid expansion of all renewable energies in order to curb the rapid rise in energy prices.
The current energy price rally, emphasizes Griese, is solely a crisis of fossil and nuclear energies: "We see rising prices for gas, coal and oil across the board, they are the price drivers, as are the French ones, which are currently not available due to technical problems Nuclear power plants that trigger a high demand for electricity imports from France" ...
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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty | MIC | Armaments
nuclear disarmament
Baerbock travels to the nuclear weapons conference in New York
The war in Ukraine makes global nuclear disarmament more difficult. In New York, the UN is now reviewing the goals of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. For Foreign Minister Baerbock, the conference marks the start of a multi-day trip to the US.
In view of the new threat situation in Europe, the withdrawal of nuclear weapons from Germany, which was still demanded by the SPD and the Greens in the 2021 election campaign, is no longer an issue. Up to 20 US nuclear bombs are still stored at the Büchel air base in the Rhineland-Palatinate Eifel. In an emergency, fighter jets of the Bundeswehr should use them ...
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Photovoltaic mandatory | Energy price | money printing machine
Possible photovoltaic obligation: "If you don't get it, it's your own fault" - comment
A PV system is a money-printing machine, especially in times of long-term rising energy prices and the increasing generation of electricity for heating and mobility. That can only be set up by those who own (roof) space – the privilege of the property owner. If you don't get it, it's your own fault...
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August 01, 1983 (INES Class.?) NPP Pickering, CAN
Safety Issues at Pickering "A" Nuclear Power Plant
A serious "Loss of Coolant Accident" (LOCA) occurred in Pickering Reactor 2 after a meter-long crack developed in a penstock. All four of Pickering's reactors eventually had to be shut down over a ten-year period to replace the piping, at a cost of about $1 billion - more than the plant's original capital cost.
Translated with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
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Wikipedia - English
Incidents
On August 1, 1983, a serious incident occurred. The pressure pipe G16 in the Pickering A Block 2 reactor suffered a 2 meter long crack. The reactor was shut down safely and the damage examined. The cause was found to be incorrect positioning of ring gas spacer springs, which allowed the hot pressure tube to sag and touch the inside of the cold calendering tube, resulting in hydrogen accumulation in the cooler areas. This created a series of small cracks that connected together and caused the long fracture. The reactor was safely shut down by the operators without any increase in radioactive emissions. The eventual solution was large-scale replacement of the fuel passages and all pressure tubes were replaced in all Pickering A reactors. The new pressure tubes were supported by an improved design of the ring gas spacer springs. Since then, careful monitoring of the position of the ring gas spacer rings has been an important part of routine reactor inspections.
Translated with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Obviously she has Nuclear lobby also in English Wikipedia their fingers in the pie, because there was no better way to trivialize this serious incident. They also managed to keep this incident out of the INES list...
By the way, the nickname for Christian Lindner will be “calculation artist Lindner” in the future. Because art doesn't come from skill.
Top | |
| Current news+ | Background knowledge |
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News+ August 01
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Withdraw nuclear weapons from Europe!
Foreign Minister Baerbock travels to the UN conference on nuclear weapons. Against the background of the Ukraine war, nuclear threats have increased. In contrast, de-escalation of the USA and Europe would be so easy.
For decades, the demand to get rid of nuclear weapons has not only been on the table of the peace movement. This would eliminate the worst threat to humanity besides climate collapse...
| Hans Josef Fell is President of the Energy Watch Group and co-author of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). From 1998 to 2013 he was a member of the Bundestag for the Greens. He has received numerous prizes and awards for his commitment. Fell is an ambassador for 100 percent renewable energies. |
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| Current news+ | Background knowledge |
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Background knowledge
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reaktorpleite.de
Map of the nuclear world:
MIC sucks us all dry, we must go back to nuclear disarmament...
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The internal search:
brought the following results, among others:
December 14, 2021 - 50 Nobel Prize winners call for clear disarmament
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June 10, 2021 - Green election program needs concrete steps for nuclear disarmament
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May 03, 2021 - War on the Environment
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YouTube channel - Reaktorpleite
arte documentary - 00:01:54
Excerpt from "Wy We Fight - America's Wars"
US President Dwight D. Eisenhower: Warning about the military-industrial complex
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Terra X - 09:21
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arte documentary - 00:52
Atomic Bomb: The most powerful bomb in the world
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arte documentary - 01:38:43
Documentary: Why We Fight - America's Wars - The Military-Industrial Complex
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German TV history - 01:06:28
Because we didn't know anything about it! This show is from 1958.
Atomic dust above us - dangers of radioactive radiation (documentation, 1958)
Playlist - radioactivity worldwide ...
This playlist contains over 150 videos on the topic
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Ecosia
This search engine is planting trees!
Keyword search: nuclear disarmament
https://www.ecosia.org/search?q=Nukleare Abrüstung
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Wikipedia
Nuclear Weapons Prohibition Treaty
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) is an international agreement that prohibits the development, production, testing, acquisition, stockpiling, transport, deployment and use of nuclear weapons, as well as the threat to do so. On January 22, 2021, 90 days after the 50th ratification, the treaty came into force.
In December 2016, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution mandated to negotiate such a treaty. The first round of negotiations took place in New York in March 2017, the second in July 2017. 132 of the 124 member states took part in the first conference and 193 in the second, including Austria as a co-initiator. The drafted treaty was approved on July 7, 2017 by 122 votes; the Netherlands voted against, Singapore abstained. At the UN General Assembly in September 2017, 53 countries initially signed. As of June 20, 2022, 86 states had signed and 65 states had ratified the treaty.
The official and de facto nuclear powers and the NATO countries, with the exception of the Netherlands, did not take part in the negotiations and did not subsequently sign the treaty. Iran and Saudi Arabia took part in the negotiations as the only countries suspected of attempting to build or have nuclear weapons at their disposal, but they did not sign the treaty either...
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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, also known as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons or Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), (English Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT for short) is an international treaty that prohibits the proliferation and the obligation for the disarmament of nuclear weapons and the right to the "peaceful use" of nuclear energy.
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was initiated by the five nuclear powers USA, France, the People's Republic of China, Great Britain and the Soviet Union and has since (2015) been signed or ceded to by 191 contracting states. Only four countries did not become members of the NPT: India, Israel, Pakistan and South Sudan. North Korea withdrew from the treaty in January 2003 and its final status has been kept open by the NPT community ever since...
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resistance (politics)
Resistance is the refusal to obey or active opposition to the authorities or the government.
It is initially of secondary importance whether the rulers against whom resistance is being exercised exercise their rule legally, legitimately or illegally. Evaluations such as "justified resistance", goals and means of resistance, moral and legal concerns require an observer's point of view: it depends on who, where and at what time the evaluation is made. The resister will always evaluate the resistance differently than the one against whom the resistance is directed. The latter, however, is usually the "authority" who at the same time has the power to define law and order. Accordingly, resistance is outside the set order.
background and demarcation
Resistance as a form of social and political debate has been anchored in European political culture since ancient times. In almost all forms of society there was or is a consensus that resistance can be necessary and legitimate in certain cases. In specific cases, opinions sometimes differ.
Resistance must be distinguished from revolution because it is not fundamentally aimed at reforming the social order. In certain circumstances, the restoration of an old law or a legal system that has been repealed can be the central concern. Nevertheless, a movement that started as a resistance can lead to a revolution...
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Newsletter XXX 2022 - July 25th to 31th | Newspaper article 2022
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