THTR circular

Newsletter XXVIII 2025

July 6nd to...

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Current news+ Background knowledge

Radioactivity accumulates; this means that radioactive particles continue to accumulate in the living organism and over time similar damage can occur as with a short-term, massive exposure to radiation...

The PDF file "Nuclear Power Accidents" contains a number of other incidents from various areas of the nuclear industry. Some of the events were never published through official channels, so this information could only be made available to the public in a roundabout way. The list of incidents in the PDF file is therefore not 100 % identical with "INES and the disturbances in nuclear facilities", but represents an addition.

 

July 5, 2000 (INES Class.?) NPP Grafenrheinfeld, DEU

July 8, 2008 (INES 1 Class.?) Nuclear factory Eurodif, Pierrelatte, FRA

July 10, 1991 (INES 3) NPP Bilibino, RUS

July 10, 1985 (Terror) Rainbow Warrior I, Auckland, NZ

July 14, 1955 (INES 3) Nuclear factory Windscale/Sellafield, GBR

July 16, 1979 (INES 3 NAMS 1,9) Nuclear factory Windscale/Sellafield, GBR

July 16, 1945 (1. Atomic Bomb Test) Trinity, NM, USA

July 17, 1984 (INES 3 NAMS 1,8) Nuclear factory Windscale/Sellafield, GBR

July 22, 2007 (INES Class.?) NPP Unterweser, GER

July 23, 2008 (INES 0 Class.?) Nuclear factory Tricastin, FRA

July 24, 1964 (INES 4) Nuclear factory UNC Charlestown, RI, USA

July 25, 2006 (INES 2) NPP Forsmark, SWE

July 25, 1979 (INES Class.?) Research reactor EL-3, Paris-Saclay, FRA

July 26, 1959 (INES 6) Nuclear factory SNL, Simi Valley, CA, USA

July 27, 2004 (INES 1 Class.?) NPP Neckarwestheim, BW, DEU

July 27, 1972 (INES Class.?) NPP Surry, VA, USA

 

We are always looking for up-to-date information. Anyone who can help, please send a message to:
nuclear-world@reaktorpleite.de

 


9 July


 

Resistance | Perpetrator of violence | Neo-Nazis | Arte series “World White Hate”

Worldwide hate on the internet

Right-wing violence is on the rise – and the internet is partly to blame. A documentary series shows how neo-Nazis are radicalizing and organizing themselves online worldwide.

Right-wing violence is on the rise. The baseball bat years are back, headlines are increasingly reporting. Young neo-Nazis, in particular, are violently attacking Pride parades, refugees, and people active against right-wing extremists.

The fact that the perpetrators are getting younger and younger was also recently confirmed by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV). Does this right-wing violence also pose a terrorist threat? This is at least what author Dirk Laabs suggests in the three-part documentary "World White Hate." More and more young neo-Nazis have become radicalized online and have carried out attacks from Christchurch to Hanau to Buffalo, murdering countless people.

[...] The son of William L. Pierce, author of the "Turner Diaries," a 70s Nazi science fiction novel that many see as the inspiration for the 2021 Capitol attack, speaks out and recounts how he was regularly beaten by his father. An FBI agent who was placed undercover in neo-Nazi groups shares his insights into his investigations.

It's almost frightening to watch. But the documentary also shows how many people are fighting back against right-wing structures, like US veteran Kristofer Goldsmith, who went from being a right-wing conspiracy theorist to a fighter against right-wing violence and is now outing neo-Nazis in security agencies.

He says, "I'm now dedicated to hunting Nazis. When you're full of anger, it's a pretty good job."

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Renewables | Agriculture | Agrivoltaics

Agri-photovoltaics could meet Germany's solar targets

Surprisingly large potential for solar systems in fields and orchards

Enormous potential: Solar systems in fields or orchards could produce more renewable energy in Germany than commonly assumed. The most optimal areas alone offer space for agri-photovoltaics with a capacity of 500 gigawatts, and researchers have determined that all suitable areas combined could produce up to 7.900 gigawatts. This combination of solar power and agriculture could thus far exceed Germany's official photovoltaic expansion targets.

In Germany, space for renewable energies is scarce: There is only limited space available for wind turbines and solar panels, and energy generation often competes with other uses. But there is another way: Agri-photovoltaics, or agri-PV for short, installs solar modules over fields and orchards without harming agriculture—in fact, the opposite: yields often even increase when the plants are protected from excessive sun and hail by the semi-transparent solar panels.

Which areas are suitable?

But how great is the potential for agri-photovoltaics in Germany? And which areas would be suitable for it? Researchers led by Salome Hauger from the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE have now investigated this in several studies. They first determined which areas could actually accommodate the installation of such photovoltaic modules on elevated stands.

"This is the first study in Germany to consider all types of agricultural land to identify suitable sites—permanent grassland, arable land, and permanent crops such as fruit, vineyards, or berries," explains Hauger. For this purpose, she and her team created a soil suitability index to classify the sites into five suitability classes, from most to least suitable. The sites had to meet certain geographical, legal, and agroeconomic criteria.

For example, these areas must not be under nature conservation or other restrictions and must receive sufficient sunlight. Other requirements included the ability to feed into the grid and crops that would benefit from agri-photovoltaics.

Enough potential to cover the entire PV expansion target

The result: There is enough space in German fields and orchards to install 5.600 to 7.900 gigawatts of peak solar power, depending on the scenario, as Hauger and her colleagues report. This is many times the amount needed for Germany to achieve climate neutrality by 2045. According to calculations, to achieve net-zero emissions in 2045, photovoltaic capacity in Germany would have to increase to at least 420, or even better, 693 gigawatts...

 


8 July


 

Administrative court | Asylum | Commitments are binding

Visas for Afghan refugees

How a court puts Interior Minister Dobrindt in trouble

Germany had suspended its promise of protection for more than 2000 threatened Afghans. This is unacceptable, a court has now ruled in the case of one family – a further obstacle to the asylum policy of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Social Democratic Party (SPD) coalition.

They had taken on dangerous jobs with non-governmental organizations, helped the military or Western governments, or clashed with the Taliban. And therefore, they were to be quickly taken in by Germany for their protection: The German government had already sent around 2400 people from Afghanistan an acceptance letter and in recent months urged them to leave their country for Pakistan and from there to come to Germany. Many set out – and then ended up stranded in Islamabad. The German government, which is coalition government of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU/SPD), has announced that it will stop voluntary admission programs like the one for Afghanistan if possible. Since then, the refugees have been terrified that they could be deported to Afghanistan.

Now a German court has made it clear that the German government cannot continue to leave those affected hanging. "The Federal Republic of Germany must issue visas to enter Germany to an Afghan national and her family members who have been granted admission under the Federal Reception Program for Afghanistan," the Berlin Administrative Court announced in an emergency ruling. The lawsuit was brought by an Afghan academic and writer and her family, who are currently in Islamabad and had already received a corresponding approval in 2023.

It is the government's second legal defeat

This is the second legal defeat for the German government in its tightened asylum policy. Just at the beginning of June, the same court had declared asylum rejections illegal, also in three specific cases. As in the first case, the court has now made it clear again that it considers the government's practice problematic beyond the individual case. While the Federal Republic can determine whether and under what conditions it will end the admission program for Afghan nationals and also refuse new commitments, commitments already made are legally binding, according to the decision, which has been obtained by the Süddeutsche Zeitung. The Federal Republic of Germany "cannot deviate" from this, especially since security concerns are not apparent in these cases, the identities have largely been clarified, and the risks of deportation to Afghanistan are high...

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Afghanistan | ICC | Human rights

Human rights in Afghanistan

ICC issues arrest warrants against Taliban leaders for oppression of women

Persecution based on gender: The International Criminal Court in The Hague accuses the Islamist Taliban of crimes against humanity.

Due to the oppression of women in Afghanistan, the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague has issued arrest warrants against leaders of the Islamist Taliban. The arrest warrants are directed against Taliban leader Haibatullah Akhundzada and Afghanistan's Chief Justice Abdul Hakim Haqqani. They are accused of crimes against humanity. The court in The Hague stated that there are sufficient grounds to suspect that both are responsible for gender-based persecution.

The decision further stated that the persecution is directed against girls, women, and other individuals who do not conform to the Taliban's policies regarding gender or gender identity. The court's more than 120 member states, including Germany, must execute the arrest warrants if any of those affected travel to one of the countries.

The arrest warrants against both men were requested in January. The reason given was that women and girls, as well as LGBTQ people, were subjected to "unprecedented, ruthless, and ongoing persecution by the Taliban" in Afghanistan. The Taliban government rejected the allegations at the time...

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Israel | Palestine | Genocide

War of annihilation in Gaza: Why the world is watching

"If Israel were to kill a thousand dogs in Gaza, it would cause a greater outcry than the mass slaughter of people."

Omer Bartov heard such voices during his visit to Israel six months ago. Bartov was born in a kibbutz, served as an officer in the Israeli army, and is now a professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Brown University in the US state of Rhode Island.

Bartov visited Israel to visit his twin grandchildren and to hear from friends and acquaintances how the mood had changed since his last visit a year ago. Back then, he was shocked by the almost complete unwillingness of Jewish Israelis—not least his liberal or left-wing acquaintances—to even acknowledge the atrocities committed by the Israeli army (IDF) in Gaza.

A Palestinian surgeon told him he wanted to speak at a small rally against the ongoing slaughter in Gaza. At first, the organizers stopped him, but then allowed him to speak because he was known as a gentle and reasonable man. But as soon as he began to speak about the suffering of the Palestinians, some people ran away.

[...] In his book "Being Jewish After the Destruction of Gaza," published in early 2025, the liberal Orthodox Jew Peter Beinart accused the Israeli government of abusing the memory of the Holocaust as a license to do whatever it takes.

Beinart explains why he went from being a strong supporter of Israel to a staunch critic of Zionism. After the Holocaust, a sense of "false innocence" crept into Jewish life. Remembrance, he argues, creates obligations, especially when accompanied by the absolute determination to "never again" allow a Holocaust to happen. But when this "never again" becomes part of a state ideology that reinterprets every threat, every security problem, every criticism of the state's legitimacy or integrity as an existential threat, then all boundaries are abolished.

Such a worldview, explains Beinart, grants “fallible people a limitless license.”

[...] Genocide before everyone's eyes

Bartov resignedly summed up in “The New York Review”:

"How could it happen that eighty years after the end of the Holocaust and the creation of an international legal system – which was supposed to prevent such crimes – the State of Israel, which defines and describes itself as the answer to the genocide of the Jews, commits genocide against the Palestinians with almost impunity and in front of everyone?
How do we deal with the fact that Israel, by citing the Holocaust, destroyed the legal system that was supposed to prevent the repetition of such a "crime of crimes"?

Finally, Bartov suggested, the license long enjoyed and abused by Israel, the land of victims, may come to an end. The sons and daughters of the next generation will have to pay for the sins of their parents and bear the burden of the genocide committed in their name.

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Ukraine | Chernobyl | Silikonhülle | Chernobyl NPP

Damaged nuclear power plant protective shell - what can be saved?

This winter, a Russian drone damaged the protective enclosure at the decommissioned Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Experts have now developed a concept for at least partially restoring the highly complex system.

In February, news from Ukraine shocked all of Europe: A Russian kamikaze drone of Iranian design had exploded in Chernobyl. More precisely, directly at reactor block 4 of the decommissioned nuclear power plant.

Memories were awakened of 1986, when the most serious nuclear accident in human history occurred at that reactor. The drone had breached the protective shield that had protected the reactor since 2019 and was intended to prevent radioactivity from escaping.

This news was quickly forgotten because experts were unable to detect any increased radioactivity at the reactor. Yet the drone strike had serious consequences.

Local experts now assume that the protective cover, which cost over two billion euros to build, will probably never function as originally planned. While a complete repair would likely be possible, Artem Siryj, operations manager at the protective cover, told tagesschau.de, the financial resources for it are unlikely to be forthcoming.

[...] This means that the protective cover will no longer be able to fully fulfill its originally intended function. It was intended to protect the environment so well from radiation from reactor block 4 that an old protective cover located directly on the reactor can be partially dismantled.

This so-called sarcophagus was built at breakneck speed by Ukrainian workers in 1986, many of whom became terminally ill due to high levels of radiation. The old sarcophagus is now increasingly dilapidated. Parts of it could collapse and uncontrollably release a highly radioactive cloud of dust.

A single Russian combat drone has thus partially nullified a billion-dollar investment intended to make Europe safer. The protective cover was protected against all possible environmental influences, according to Operations Manager Siryj, "but no one anticipated a combat drone during its design."

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France | Switzerland | Heatwave | Cooling water | Beznau NPP

Nuclear supply security? For the first time, Switzerland has to shut down a nuclear power plant due to heat waves

Year after year, climate change clearly demonstrates that relying on nuclear power is not particularly effective, even for security of supply reasons. Due to the heat wave and heated rivers, even Switzerland had to completely shut down a nuclear power plant. In France, shutdowns and throttling have been the norm for years and are happening again now. Despite all this, various forces are trying to push a debate about a nuclear power renaissance in Germany as well.

Whether it's a drought or a sustained heatwave, nuclear power plants (NPPs) repeatedly have to be shut down or significantly reduced. Either there's a lack of cooling water or rivers are so hot that they have to be shut down to protect flora and fauna. In Switzerland, the nuclear power plant operator Axpo has now had to shut down its two reactors in Beznau. One reactor was temporarily running at half its capacity. In a press release dated July 3, Axpo wrote: "Due to the high water temperatures in the Aare River, Axpo has been increasingly reducing the output of the two reactor units at the Beznau nuclear power plant for days. Both units were operating at 50% capacity starting last Sunday. On Tuesday afternoon, Axpo shut down Unit 1. Unit 2 was also shut down yesterday."

[...] While nuclear power plants in Switzerland have had to be throttled back several times in recent years, the fact that Beznau has now been completely taken off the grid is new. During the hot summer of 2003, the power plant had to be throttled back for 50 days. However, it should also be noted that even shut-down nuclear power plants still need cooling capacity to prevent a core meltdown.

The shutdown of Beznau is also notable because the reactor in Mühleberg was shut down in 2019. This reactor therefore does not contribute to further warming of the river in the upper reaches of the Aare.

[...] But Swiss nuclear power plant operators would also like to see French conditions. Although it is clear that a river temperature of 25°C is already critical for fish, rivers in France are permitted to heat up even more. In Switzerland, fish kills began as early as 2022, when the Aare River reached 25°C. In the case of the Golfech nuclear power plant – on the large Garonne River in southwestern France – the river water below the power plant is even permitted to rise to an average daily temperature of 28°C.

Nuclear power plants are one of the largest industrial water consumers in France

But that, too, is already the case. That's why one reactor at the nuclear power plant has been shut down for a week to "adapt" to the "climatic conditions," as announced by the power plant operator EDF. The nuclear power plant's second reactor is already shut down for work. As early as 2022, a "rotten fish smell" was reported in the Garonne River, and carcasses of large fish were observed.

In France, production at other nuclear power plants has already been curbed, such as those in Blayais and Bugey. This is precisely when consumption is rising significantly, for example, because air conditioning systems are running at full speed during the heatwave. French media point out that electricity consumption is up about 13 percent compared to the previous year... 

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PFAS | Poison of eternity | Reproductive toxic | What are PFAS? | Dark Water

TFA in water, soil and food: New fact sheet on PFAS pesticides

AK Upper Austria and GLOBAL 2000: Scientifically sound information against circulating false claims

Vienna & Linz - Since the publication of study results on the contamination of domestic wells, mineral water, wine and grain products with the chemical TFA (trifluoroacetic acid), which is classified as toxic to reproduction, by the Upper Austrian Chamber of Labor and GLOBAL 2000, misleading and trivializing statements about the role of PFAS pesticides have been increasingly spread on the Internet.

The starting point of the disinformation is the demonstrably false claim that the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) estimates the share of TFA emissions from pesticide products to be "only around 2% of total European emissions".

Such misinformation lulls policymakers and farmers into a false sense of security and encourages them to continue using PFAS pesticides. The result is long-term, virtually irreversible contamination of soil and food with a potentially reproductively harmful substance.

To counter this persistent disinformation with facts, the AK Upper Austria and GLOBAL 2000 are today publishing a compact, source-based collection of facts. This refutes common misrepresentations and, based on current studies and official reports, substantiates the following key statements:

  • PFAS pesticides are the main source of TFA contamination of groundwater, soils, and crops.
  • The extent of TFA contamination is unprecedented – and increasing rapidly.
  • Scientific evidence for the ecological and health risks of TFA is constantly growing.

With this publication, AK Upper Austria and GLOBAL 2000 aim to contribute to a more objective discussion and enable a fact-based examination of the role of PFAS pesticides.

The complete Collection of facts is available here as a PDF document ready for download.

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INES category 1 "disorder"July 8, 2008 (INES 1 Class.?) Nuclear factory Eurodif, Pierrelatte, FRA

Release of radiation into the environment means INES 3 ...
 

Wikipedia de

Eurodif#accident

... The radioactive solution seeped into the ground and through the sewage system reached the smaller rivers Gaffière and Lauzon, the Rhone, possibly also into the groundwater ...

About the amount of the leaked pollutants, the information varies between 6,25 cubic meters of solution with about 75 kilograms of non-enriched uranium (operator information) and 30 cubic meters of solution with about 360 kilograms of uranium (ASN).

According to an independent investigation by the organization CRIIRAD, the incident exceeded the legal limits for annual radiation emissions into the environment by more than 100 times ...
 

AtomkraftwerkePlag

Tricastin (France)

2008 uranium accident

On July 8, 2008, an alarm was raised in the Tricastin area. In a plant for the treatment of uranium solutions on the nuclear power plant site, 30 cubic meters (= 30.000 liters) uranium-containing liquid leaked out of a leaking retention basin during cleaning ...

Water extraction and fishing were prohibited. The environmental protection movement Sortir du Nucléaire dismissed the regulator's claim that there was little risk as downplaying it. "Anyone who drinks contaminated water has the particles in their body. Even with low levels of radiation, there is a considerable risk of cancer."

On July 11, three days later, the nuclear supervisory authority prohibited further operation of the plant because the safety measures were insufficient. It was suddenly said 224 kilograms of uranium leaked and 74 kilograms of it got into the waters.

The classification of the accident as an INES Level 1 incident was questioned by Sortir du Nucléaire due to the release of radioactivity. "Based on the information provided by the authorities, the incident should be classified at least as a 'serious incident' at Level 3, if not as an 'accident' at Level 4."

Continue reading ...

 


7 July


 

PFAS | Poison of eternity | Reproductive toxic | Dark Water

nature and environment

PFAS: From the atomic bomb to the blood

Dangerous chemicals contaminate drinking water, soil, and food worldwide. Humans and animals are becoming ill and often dying from cancer. Who is responsible for contamination by these "forever chemicals"?

The sleepy little town of Trissino lies at the foot of the Italian Alps, surrounded by lush fields and green hills, with an industrial park with small-scale plants on the outskirts. There's nothing to indicate that gigantic quantities of drinking water and large portions of the soil in the entire region were contaminated with extremely toxic chemicals from here. A court in Rome recently reached this verdict.

Hundreds of civil plaintiffs joined the lawsuit, including the environmental organization Greenpeace and numerous mothers after discovering that their families had so-called "forever chemicals" in their blood. According to estimates by non-governmental organizations, approximately 350.000 people in the northern Italian region of Veneto could be affected.

Eleven managers of a chemical factory were sentenced to years in prison for this. The defendants worked for, among others, the Japanese Mitsubishi Group and Chemical Investors from Luxembourg.

What are eternity chemicals?

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds, or PFAS for short, are extremely persistent chemicals that do not degrade. Once they enter the environment, they remain there forever. Therefore, they are also called "forever chemicals."

Scientists have linked PFAS to liver and kidney damage, elevated cholesterol levels, lymph node disease, and reduced fertility in both men and women. According to the German Federal Environment Agency, it also leads to underweight newborns, can reduce the effectiveness of vaccinations, and, at high concentrations, can cause cancer.

The chemicals are considered a global problem and can be detected almost everywhere. In 2018, scientists at Harvard University found that 98 percent of US citizens have PFAS in their blood. Studies of breast milk in countries such as India, Indonesia, and the Philippines found the substances in almost all samples. In Germany, too, every child has these perennial chemicals in their bodies; one-fifth of them exceed critical levels.

From the atomic bomb to the plate

PFAS were discovered by the American chemical giant DuPont in 1938. Due to their special properties of protecting metal from corrosion even at high temperatures, the chemicals were first used in the development of the atomic bomb...

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Climate protection | Carbon dioxide | CO2 as Raw material for Fuel

South Korean researchers achieve efficiency record in CO2 conversion

Researchers from South Korea have developed an efficient method for converting carbon dioxide into high-quality alcohol. This could be a milestone for climate protection.

With global carbon dioxide emissions at record levels and climate change seemingly unstoppable, researchers around the world are striving to develop technologies that can recycle carbon dioxide, a waste product from industrial processes, and convert it into valuable fuels and chemicals.

One promising solution is the conversion of CO2 into alcohol, which offers the potential to produce high-quality, energy-rich products. However, achieving both high efficiency and industrial-scale production in this process has been a major challenge.

Recently, a research team led by Professor Jaeyoung Lee, Minjun Choi, and Sooan Bae from the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in South Korea presented a groundbreaking strategy for converting carbon dioxide into alcohol. Their method achieves unprecedented performance and production scale, setting a new global benchmark for CO2 conversion efficiency.

[...] Minjun Choi clarified that while this approach is promising, further integration into continuous-flow and zero-gap membrane electrode systems could enable scalable, sustainable production of liquid fuels and chemical precursors from CO2—significantly reducing dependence on fossil fuels and paving the way to a greener future...

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Right-wing extremists | Acts of violence | Fatalities | Dark figure

Victims of right-wing violence:

Why are 86 deaths missing from the figures?

The problem of right-wing violence is growing, but authorities underestimate the danger. Our long-term research shows that there are far more victims than the statistics indicate.

The warnings are unanimous, and they are becoming increasingly urgent: A new, violent neo-Nazi scene is emerging in Germany. This is the warning from right-wing extremism monitoring centers and organizers of Pride parades. This has been observed by several media outlets that have reported on new, militant youth groups in recent months, including Die Zeit. This is the view of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, which speaks of a threat "particularly for members of the LGBTIQ movement, the left-wing scene, and people with a migration background."

Statistics also indicate that a new wave of right-wing extremist violence is looming: In 2024, security authorities registered almost a fifth more violent crimes than in 2023. This year, reports of arson attacks, racist and homophobic attacks, and raids on alternative cultural and youth centers have continued unabated. In May, the Federal Prosecutor's Office dismantled a network of 14- to 18-year-old suspected right-wing terrorists calling themselves the "Last Wave of Defense." Holger Münch, President of the Federal Criminal Police Office, admitted that they are facing a "major challenge."

It would be all the more important for the state to have an accurate picture of the scene and its actions. But this is lacking.

For 25 years now, a long-term research project by the ZEIT team has been documenting the deaths caused by right-wing motivated violence in Germany. At least 203 people have died as a result of such acts since reunification. However, the official statistics only record 117 of them – meaning 86 deaths are missing.

The research team conducted hundreds of interviews over the years, with bereaved relatives and representatives of joint plaintiffs, judges and prosecutors, witnesses, and victim counselors. The team evaluated court rulings and local newspaper reports, and in some cases, they were able to access investigation files. In the end, only those cases that could be clearly classified as politically right-wing motivated were counted. In another 74 cases, the final doubts could not be dispelled; more on that later.

The research shows that right-wing acts of violence are still often not recognized in the day-to-day work of the police and judiciary, despite repeated reforms to the way in which so-called "politically motivated crime" (PMK) is recorded. Political motives are still not sufficiently addressed, the concept of right-wing crime is often outdated, and internal processes make it difficult to correct misjudgments...

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Labor union | Military spending | Conscription

Plowshares into swords? Unionists criticize

Many are calling for more weapons. But unionists warn: armaments cost jobs, prosperity, and democracy, and threaten young people with new conscription.

The rearmament in this country is not only met with approval – activists want to make this clear by calling for an alliance between trade unions and the peace movement.

According to its statutes, IG Metall is committed to "securing and expanding the social constitutional state and the further democratization of the economy, state and society, to peace, disarmament and international understanding and to protecting the natural environment to ensure the existence of humanity."

In the 1980s, IG Metall working groups committed to peace policy advocated for arms conversion and developed concepts for converting weapons factories to civilian products. Today, things are different.

[...] It is clear to many union members that social redistribution, the expansion of public infrastructure and the restructuring of industry depend on a peace-making foreign policy.

German military spending amounted to approximately $2024 billion in 88,5. This puts the Federal Republic in fourth place worldwide, behind the USA, China, and Russia, and ahead of the nuclear powers Great Britain and France.

Every euro that now disappears in the defense budget is missing for good education, good pensions and fully financed public services.
Co-organizer Derya Rust, IG Metall

[...] There are opportunities for union youth to channel this sentiment and point out the consequences of conscription. The search for alternatives to work in armaments factories also remains an important part of union peace actions. "War production also works because, in capitalism, there is an alienation between the producer and the products they manufacture," criticizes unionist Eifler.

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Human right? Uninteresting for real horror clowns! 1800 executions in 12 months are the responsibility of Momed of Arabia

Report by Amnesty International

More executions in Saudi Arabia

The number of executions in Saudi Arabia has increased, according to Amnesty International. Last year alone, the country carried out the death penalty on more people than at any time in more than 30 years.

According to the human rights organization Amnesty International, the number of executions in Saudi Arabia is rising at an "alarming rate." Among those executed in recent years, many foreign nationals convicted of drug offenses have been executed, according to a report by the organization. These include primarily people from Pakistan, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, and Somalia.

"We are witnessing a truly horrific trend in which foreign nationals are being executed at an alarming rate for crimes that should never be punishable by death," said Kristine Beckerle, Amnesty's regional director. Behind the "progressive image" the country wants to project worldwide lies a "dark and deadly reality."

180 executions so far this year

In Saudi Arabia, approximately 2014 people were executed between 1.800 and the middle of this year. Almost one in three of these were convicted for drug offenses, according to Amnesty International. Within this group, three-quarters of those convicted were nationals of other countries. In June of this year alone, 46 people were executed—37 of them for drug offenses.

The death penalty continues to be used even outside of drug offenses. This year, for example, journalist Turki al-Yassir was executed. According to the human rights organization ALQST, he was arrested in 2018. Al-Yassir had addressed issues such as women's rights and corruption. According to ALQST, he was accused of, among other things, "terrorism" and endangering national security.

[...] Amnesty calls for more pressure on Riyadh

Given the persistently high number of executions, Amnesty International is calling for more pressure from the international community. Saudi Arabia's allies must "urgently put pressure on the authorities to stop their executions and comply with their international human rights obligations," said Julia Duchrow, Secretary General of Amnesty International in Germany.

The relentless and ruthless application of the death penalty after grossly unfair trials in Saudi Arabia demonstrates a "shocking disregard for human life." Its use in drug offenses is also a "massive violation of international law and standards."

 


6 July


 

ResponsibilityJens Spahn and his mask business

Mask affair:

The boys with the masks

The unredacted report on Jens Spahn's mask scandal is public. Now in focus: internal warnings and a Swiss company that apparently enjoyed a great deal of goodwill.

Whatever quality enables Jens Spahn to shrug off any accusations, the CDU/CSU parliamentary group leader needs it again. This time, however, the current Federal Minister of Health, Nina Warken, is also under fire. Last week, after much hesitation, Spahn's party colleague submitted the investigative report by special investigator Margaretha Sudhof to the Bundestag – albeit with hundreds of blacked-out passages, some of them pages long.

On Friday, NDR, WDR, and Süddeutsche Zeitung reported on the document, which was available to them without any redactions. The FragDenStaat portal has since also published the unredacted report. Next week, Sudhof plans to answer questions from the Health and Budget Committees. The focus will be on business with the Swiss company Emix, founded by two young entrepreneurs who became multimillionaires during the coronavirus pandemic.

In the summer of 2024, then-Federal Health Minister Karl Lauterbach commissioned former SPD State Secretary Sudhof to investigate the mask deals orchestrated by his predecessor, Jens Spahn, in the spring of 2020. They cost the federal government almost six billion euros. Less than a third of the masks were used, and more than half had to be destroyed, the Federal Court of Auditors concluded last year.

Sudhof's 168-page report, dated January of this year, accuses Spahn of numerous errors. While all political actors have achieved "unimaginable things" during the pandemic, Sudhof writes, with Spahn in mind: "A lack of economic understanding and political ambition" led to "they acted not as a team 'state,' but as a team 'me.'" Spahn claimed to have seized control of mask procurement instead of leaving it to specialized authorities, ignored internal warnings, and repeatedly made difficult-to-understand economic decisions.

[...] Should he resign? "I will not throw myself into the dust for having brought this country safely through the difficult times."

The opposition sees things differently: "Instead of complaining about critical questions, he should finally provide clarification and take responsibility for his decisions," Green Party parliamentary group leader Britta Haßelmann told the Rheinische Post. The Greens and the Left Party are calling for a committee of inquiry. They accuse the current Federal Health Minister, Warken, of trying to conceal Spahn's responsibility – which Warken denies – and have requested special meetings of the Health and Budget Committee with Margaretha Sudhof next week. The Federal Ministry of Health has released the investigator from her confidentiality obligation.

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International lawDon Trumpl, BenJaNimm Netanyahu and all the others horror clowns only know that law of war

Scientific Service of the Bundestag

International lawyers question reasons for Israel's attack on Iran

Was the Israeli attack on Iran self-defense or an undermining of international law? A Left Party politician wanted to know exactly. Academics from the Bundestag gave him a relatively clear answer.

In a report, the Bundestag's Research Services raise "significant doubts" about the legality of the Israeli and US attacks on Iran. The "vast majority of international lawyers" do not consider the criteria for Israel's "state of self-defense" under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter to have been met, according to the 54-page report, commissioned by Left Party MP Ulrich Thoden.

According to the scientists, Israel should have proven that Iran was on the verge of building a nuclear weapon. "The production of sufficient fissile material as part of the Iranian nuclear program is only a necessary intermediate step," the report states. Furthermore, it should have been demonstrated that Iran had the firm intention of using such a weapon against Israel and that the military operation "Rising Lion" was truly the last opportunity to prevent the construction of the atomic bomb. According to the almost unanimous judgment of international legal scholars, none of this was sufficiently done.

[...] According to the researchers, US intervention in the war would only be covered by international law if the Israeli attacks were in compliance with international law, which they say is "significantly in doubt." Therefore, the US military operation cannot be based on the right to collective self-defense, "contrary to the American justification narrative," the report states.

[...] The German government has not yet commented on the question of whether it considers the attacks by Israel and the USA on Iran to be contrary to international law. However, Chancellor Friedrich Merz (CDU) has clearly supported the military operations. Shortly after the USA entered the war, he said: "For us, and for me personally, there is no reason to criticize what Israel started a week ago, and no reason to criticize what America did last weekend. It is not without risk. But leaving it as it was was not an option either."

Left Party politician Thoden sees the report as supporting the thesis that the attacks violated international law. It is therefore "also a slap in the face for the German government," he says. "The German government's tolerance and even support of the attacks by Israel and the US was thus also a violation of the law and contributes to the further erosion of international law."

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Transformation of  truth and fossil toady

Transformation to natural gas, will-o'-the-wisps with "Lex Sauerland" and streamlined sliminess

Instead of reducing the price gap between electricity and natural gas, the government is subsidizing fossil fuels and slowing down the heat transition, criticizes Sebastian Sladek, CEO of Elektrizitätswerke Schönau (EWS) and member of the editorial board of Klimareporter°. He recommends creative rebellion against the anti-climate zeitgeist.

Klimareporter°: Mr. Sladek, the coalition committee ultimately decided that the electricity tax for private households will not be reduced. It is currently not financially viable. How do you assess the non-reduction?

Sebastian Sladek: I'm stunned, to be honest. While extreme weather continues to increase and the country races from heat record to heat record, the German federal government is apparently choosing to slow down its energy transition.

Apart from the fact that the CDU, CSU and SPD are burying another key election promise with this decision, the use of fossil natural gas is also being subsidised with money from the Climate and Transformation Fund.

This is climate policy madness. Indeed, one might doubt that such projects have anything to do with climate protection at all.

With every week that we delay the heat transition, the risks to our health, our infrastructure and the future of our children increase.

[...] The climate crisis is hitting us left and right, and the more its effects become apparent, the more determined we seem to be to ignore them.

Germany is groaning under a brutal heat wave, hundreds of hectares of forest are ablaze in eastern Germany, and people everywhere are swearing that it used to be hotter. Yet weather data clearly shows that the frequency and temperatures of heat events are reaching a new level.

The news that MDR is canceling the climate podcast of my highly esteemed colleague on the editorial board, Claudia Kemfert, also fits with the increasingly aggressive attitude of suppression. I consider this a fatal sign in this situation – we need more climate education, not less!

In the US, we can see that President Trump, now endowed with the powers of a dictator, is deliberately attacking science and bludgeoning it with "alternative facts." Orwell's Ministry of Truth sends its regards. We so-called "old Europeans" would be well advised not to follow this example – despite his regular calls to do so.

And yet, German software companies are just as likely to be submissive to the US Republicans when it comes to subservient pandering. All of this is more frightening than surprising. It's definitely highly embarrassing.

This streamlined sliminess, this mindless zeitgeist, can only be overcome with creative rebellion. Otherwise, we'll not only go to hell together, but also bore ourselves to death in the back seat.

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Renewables | Energy transition | Infrastructure and Gas power plants

Plans of the Minister of Economic Affairs

Where is Reiche steering the energy transition?

She indirectly questions Germany's climate goals and emphasizes the importance of gas-fired power plants: The new Minister of Economic Affairs, Reiche, is causing controversy. Is there now a reversal in energy policy?

One of Katherina Reiche's first statements as the new Minister of Economic Affairs was powerful. "I would like to thank you for the almost superhuman achievement you have accomplished in these days, weeks, and months," Reiche said of Robert Habeck at the handover of office on May 6.

Praise for her predecessor at his departure – understandable. But the ebullience with which a CDU woman spoke about Habeck, the Green Party leader so reviled in conservative circles, was surprising. Was the CDU discovering green politics for itself?

Reiche emphasizes the costs of the energy transition

About 50 days later, it's clear: No, she wasn't. Katherina Reiche – 51 years old, most recently CEO of the energy company Westenergie for more than five years and previously CEO of the Association of Municipal Utilities – is pursuing a different course in the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy than her predecessor.

While Habeck held up a poster at a press conference showing the increase in renewable energy consumption, Reiche now emphasizes the costs of the energy transition. The phrase "The sun doesn't send a bill" is something we won't hear from her: "That's as crazy as it is simple," she said at Industry Day. "You can only make that up if you don't know anything about energy."

[...] "The exchange electricity price will fall by a quarter by 2030 due to renewables if we continue to adhere to the expansion targets," says Agora electricity expert Philipp Godron. He fears that the expansion of renewables and infrastructure will be slowed down by the current debate.

The energy industry also has no interest in a reversal: Long-term expansion goals must be clear, says Kerstin Andreae, Managing Director of the German Energy and Water Industry Association and a former Green Party member of the Bundestag. Monitoring, as planned by Reiche, is generally welcomed: "But it must also be clear that we as an industry have very long investment and planning periods." This means that renewable energies must remain at the center of the electricity supply, says Andreae. However, she doesn't see any change in direction so far.

[...] Energy industry calls for speed in gas power plant construction

Meanwhile, the energy industry is pushing for faster construction of the gas-fired power plants: "We're running out of time," says Andreae of the German Association of the Energy and Water Industries, pointing out the construction period is around six years. "The companies are waiting in the starting blocks. We're waiting for political decisions, both at the federal and European levels, so that things can move forward quickly."

Economics Minister Katherina Reiche will have to reveal how quickly this will happen. Business and environmental associations are eager to see what the final draft legislation will look like.

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United States | Don Trumpl and the new one Slavery

“Slavery is alive and well in the USA” - Employers should decide on illegal farm workers

Don Trump's Daily Fake NewsTrump announced to his “friends” from the Iowa agricultural sector that they could keep their illegal workers – “if they vouch for them.”

Washington DC – The deportations of illegal immigrants in the US by ICE have put President Donald Trump in a difficult position: He now finds himself caught between two fronts whose support he does not want to lose. These are MAGA hardliners, strong advocates of his border policy, on the one hand, and high-ranking representatives of the agricultural industry on the other.

"As you may have noticed, I've gotten myself into a little trouble," President Trump said in Iowa on Thursday (July 3). According to reports from California farmers, the ICE raids caused significant crop losses. In agricultural states like California, Iowa, Texas, and Pennsylvania, the immigration measures have led to large-scale crop rot in the fields, according to media reports such as Newsweek.

Farm workers fear deportation: ICE raids lead to 70 percent crop loss

Farmer Lisa Tate told The Guardian that 70 percent of the workforce has stopped showing up in the fields for fear of being deported by ICE. "If 70 percent of the workforce doesn't show up, 70 percent of the crop goes unpicked and goes to waste," she continued. Tate is a sixth-generation farmer in Ventura County, California, an area that produces billions of dollars worth of fruit and vegetables each year.

According to The Guardian report, the majority of the workers are immigrants residing in the US illegally. They harvest everything that needs to be picked by hand. "Most Americans don't want to do this work," the farmer continued. Another farm manager told the news portal that he normally has 300 workers on his field. The number has dropped to 80 following the ICE raids.

[...] Criticism of farmworker bailout: “Slavery in the US is alive and well”

He may have appeased the farmer representatives in the fifth row. But what such a regulation would mean for farmworkers is met with understandable criticism. "Slavery is alive and well in the US, and farmers can now threaten workers with deportation if they don't do what they want," one Reddit post reads under a video of Trump's speech in Iowa. Or: "If farmers decide who gets deported or not, then they [the government] haven't abolished slavery. They've privatized it."

Frank Knapp, executive director of the Secure Growth Initiative, told Newsweek: "It is clear that farmers depend on undocumented workers," but he warned against such an exemption for individual industries: "No company should be given such control over the life and death of its employees."

 


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July 6, 2025

Democracy  | Fascists | Anti-constitutional

Artists on the crisis of democracy

“The fact that we find them ridiculous benefits the AfD”

Because we don't take them seriously, the AfD can destroy democracy, says Philipp Ruch from the Center for Political Beauty.

taz: Mr. Ruch, why is it enough to take the AfD at its word to prove its hostility to the constitution?

Philipp Ruch: Some of the AfD's announcements read hilariously. You just want to scream. But upon closer study of the Nazi Party, I realized: It was no different back then. They're hilariously funny. The only problem is: fascists aren't comedians. They mean what they say. While National Socialism announced what it intended, this was a great source of amusement for most people. Yes, in the end, it wasn't quite as funny.

taz: In your book, you draw parallels to the situation at the end of the Weimar Republic, when some people couldn't imagine that joke figures like Göring and Hitler would come to power. Are there similar repression mechanisms today?

Movement: They're the same: Who can imagine these bawling, vulgar AfD politicians with beer bellies as Minister of Justice? We have to imagine them as Federal Ministers. Then it becomes clearer why the Nazis were able to translate their obsessions into a policy of manhunt. The fact that we find them ridiculous protects the AfD's political project: the destruction of democracy.

taz: On the other hand, you write that resistance against the enemies of democracy was stronger back then.

Movement: My favorite example is Bavarian Interior Minister Karl Stützel, an unsung hero of a militant democracy. As Interior Minister, Stützel declared against Hitler: "You can be sure we will shoot at the Nazis if it becomes necessary one day." Compared to that, our current Interior Minister Dobrindt is a dwarf. The Weimar Republic fought the Nazi Party more militantly than our state does today against the AfD. We are practically tame when it comes to the AfD.

taz: And the bourgeois forces are not taking the danger seriously because it is not they but minorities who are being attacked – just like back then?

Movement: Absolutely. The Nazi Party won a lot of votes with its militant anti-Marxism. By that, incidentally, they were referring less to communists than to the SPD. The bourgeois camp thought: Wonderful, how they're giving the SPD a run for its money. They didn't even realize that it was their turn next.

taz: You also write about the anti-democratic behavior of AfD members in parliaments. What do you think?

Movement: The AfD sends the same kind of people to parliament as the Nazi Party: lunatics, proletarians, loudmouths, completely uneducated people, criminals. In Karlsruhe, an elected AfD member of the Bundestag has been in prison for two years as the leader of a terrorist group that, along with her accomplices, scouted out the locations in the Bundestag building from which they planned to organize a coup. In 2021, we were closer to a violent takeover of power by the AfD than we all realize. The Federal Prosecutor General didn't find this amusing at all. Ignored by the public, he is conducting the largest mass trials against a terrorist group since the Red Army Faction (RAF).

taz: You accuse civil society of complacency in the face of the threat posed by the AfD. What do you mean by that?

Movement: Merz and Dobrindt consider the AfD to be useful extremist idiots with whom they can intimidate their political opponents, especially the SPD and the Greens. This is precisely the strategy of the bourgeois camp since 1930. It led the world into the Holocaust.

taz: And the fact that the SPD wants to consider banning the AfD is not a step in the right direction?

Movement: These are theatrical events designed to keep us calm. The AfD, like the Nazi Party, is all about maintaining unrest. Next year, the party is expected to provide its first state premier. The country isn't yet fully aware of what that means. It will change everything—for the worse.

 


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The “Internal Search”

Democracy | Fascists | Anti-constitutional

June 28, 2025 - After the Compact ban - Now more than ever

June 14, 2025 - The open lie has become the norm

June 1, 2025 - "My 'cosmopolitanism' is rooted in my capacity as a Jew"

April 14, 2025 - Not calling Trump's regime "fascism" is a denial of reality

February 8, 2025 - Mass protest in Munich: 200.000 people against the far-right

January 1, 2025 - Lawyers call for AfD ban proceedings

November 15, 2024 - Homelessness in the USA - Sleepless in Seattle

October 17, 2024 - Vice President of the Bundestag supports AfD ban proceedings

May 23, 2024 - AfD politicians fail in lawsuits against the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
 

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The search engine Ecosia is planting trees!

https://www.ecosia.org/search?q=Demokratie

https://www.ecosia.org/search?q=Faschisten

https://www.ecosia.org/search?q=Verfassungsfeindlich
 

Federal Agency for Civic Education

Democracy

[Greek: rule of the people] Democracy is a collective term for modern ways of life and political order.

1) Democracy enables modern ways of life insofar as it

a) enables freedom of individual decisions and actions as well as individual responsibility,

b) guarantees individual equality before law and protects minorities and

c) enables countless forms of social associations, i.e. places collective and solidarity-based action on a voluntary basis (and protects it, for example, in the form of freedom of association).

2) Democracy creates the basis for a variety of modern political systems, whose common characteristics are popular sovereignty and the limitation of political rule: In a democracy, 1) the people are the supreme sovereign and the ultimate legitimizer of political action. However, this does not usually mean that the people directly exercise power. Rather, 2) modern mass democracies are characterized by political and social institutions (parliaments, parties, associations, etc.) that limit the participation of the majority of the population to legally regulated participation procedures (e.g., elections). A more precise distinction is made between representative democracy (in which elected representatives "represent the people as a whole") and direct democracy (e.g., some US states, in the CHE).

3. The exercise of political power is primarily limited by the rule of law, which guarantees fundamental and human rights, as well as political organization and the distribution of political responsibilities in (usually written) constitutions. These rights and regulations are also enforceable and apply, in particular, to state powers (rule of law).

4. The exercise of political power is directly determined by the horizontal separation/interlocking of powers
modern democracy (legislative, executive, judicial), which leads to mutual dependence and control of state organs, and is limited by a multi-level state structure, as is particularly evident in the vertical separation of powers in federal states (federal states).

5. Other important indirect restrictions on political power arise from the control of free media
(so-called "fourth estate") and the freedom to engage in political activities in parties and associations, interest groups/lobbying organizations and initiatives, etc. This engagement can be the basis for further democratization processes.
 

Federal Constitutional Court

Party ban proceedings

Parties are important links between voters, on the one hand, and parliament and the government, on the other. Their activities should be influenced as little as possible by the state. However, a robust democracy must be able to combat anti-constitutional parties. To do justice to both aspects, the Basic Law assigns the process of banning political parties not to the executive branch, but to the Federal Constitutional Court. This ensures that an independent court makes decisions solely according to constitutional standards.

Prohibition procedure

The procedure is regulated by Article 21, Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law and Sections 43 et seq. of the Federal Constitutional Court Act. Proceedings to ban political parties are given the file number "BvB."

Parties whose goals or the behavior of their supporters are intended to impair or eliminate the free democratic basic order or to endanger the existence of the Federal Republic of Germany are unconstitutional (see Article 21, Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law). According to the previous jurisprudence of the Federal Constitutional Court, the mere dissemination of anti-constitutional ideas is not sufficient for this purpose. In addition, there must be an actively combative, aggressive stance toward the free democratic basic order, whose abolition the party aims to achieve, as well as concrete indications that achieving the anti-constitutional goals it pursues does not appear completely hopeless.

Eligibility and preliminary proceedings

The Bundestag, Bundesrat and Federal Government are entitled to submit applications.

First, the Federal Constitutional Court examines in preliminary proceedings whether to open the main proceedings or whether the application should be rejected as inadmissible or insufficiently substantiated. For this purpose, a preliminary assessment of the prospects of success is carried out based on the available case files.

Main proceedings

If the petition proves well-founded in the main proceedings, the Federal Constitutional Court will declare the political party unconstitutional, declare the party's dissolution, and prohibit the creation of a replacement organization. This, and any other decision detrimental to the party, requires a two-thirds majority of the Senate's members. The Federal Constitutional Court can also order the confiscation of the party's assets.

Procedure for exclusion from state funding

Since the amendment of Article 21, Paragraph 3 of the Basic Law in 2017, it has also been possible to exclude political parties from state funding. If the exclusion is established, tax benefits for these parties and donations to them are also withdrawn.

The independent procedure is regulated in Section 46a of the Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG); in this respect, the file number “BvB” is also provided for.

The Bundestag, Bundesrat, and Federal Government are also entitled to submit applications. A preliminary procedure must also be conducted.

Unlike the ban on a party, exclusion from state funding does not require that the party can potentially achieve its anti-constitutional goals.

If the application proves to be well-founded, the Federal Constitutional Court will declare the party barred from state funding for six years. This ruling will also apply to substitute parties.
Those eligible to apply may request an extension of the exclusion for a further six years. Further applications for extension are also possible.

Previous procedures

The Federal Constitutional Court has banned political parties twice: in 1952, the Socialist Reich Party (SRP) was banned, and in 1956, the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). Proceedings to ban the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) initiated in 2001 were discontinued in 2003 for procedural reasons. On January 17, 2017, the Federal Constitutional Court again ruled against the NPD. The Second Senate found that the NPD advocates a political concept aimed at abolishing the existing free democratic basic order. However, due to a lack of evidence that it could successfully implement its political goals, the party was not banned.
 

Wikipedia de

Fascism

Fascism (from Italian fascio "alliance") was initially the self-designation of a political movement in Italy which, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, was the dominant political power from 1922 to 1943/45 and established a dictatorial system of government, Italian Fascism.

From the 1920s onwards, the term was used for all ultranationalist, anti-liberal and anti-Marxist movements, ideologies or systems of rule organized according to the leader principle that had sought to replace parliamentary democracies since the First World War. The generalization of the concept of fascism from a temporally and nationally limited personal name to a generic name for a specific type of rule is controversial, especially for the German Nazi state. The theory of fascism deals with the description and explanation of fascism.

In the narrower sense, neo-fascism refers to the political movement in Italy supported by supporters of fascism after Mussolini's fall (Movimento Sociale Italiano 1946–1995 and more recent movements). In a broader sense, it also refers to movements and parties of the extreme New Right in other countries that adhere to the Führer principle and to ethnically or racially based elitism, and cultivate exaggerated nationalism and militant anti-communism, or a latent propensity for violence. In the Federal Republic of Germany, this applies to the neo-Nazis. 

Concept

The term fascism is derived from the Italian fascio, meaning "federation." In 1924, historian Fritz Schotthöfer described it as "certainly empty of content" because it "says virtually nothing about the essence of what fascism is or should be." In this, he argued, this -ism differs crucially from other isms, such as conservatism, liberalism, or socialism. "A fascio is an association, a league," thus, literally translated, fascists would be "bundlers" and "fascism" would be Bundlerism.

The etymology of the word fascio is usually derived from the Latin fasces. These bundles of rods were symbols of power during the Roman Empire, carried by lictors before the highest Roman officials, the consuls, praetors, and dictators.

In the 19th century, the word fascio described the self-image of the Italian national and workers' movement as a revolutionary force. Thus, the bundle of rods symbolized the unity of the nation in the 19th-century national movement, and in Italy, which had been unified since 1870, fascio referred to socialist workers' organizations such as the Sicilian Fasci in Sicily.

The term Fascismo, which had become the banner of the revolutionary workers' movement around 1900, was identified from 1919 onwards with the "Fasci di combattimento": the "fighting leagues" founded by Mussolini in March 1919.

A representative of fascism is called a “fascist”, in the jargon of the autonomous scene also a “fascist” (plural fascists)
 

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Newsletter XXVII 2025 - 29 June to 5 July

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