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INES and the disturbances in nuclear facilities
1940 – 1949
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INES, Who the f... is INES?
The International Scale of Nuclear and Radiological Events (INES) is a tool to educate the public about the safety implications of nuclear and radiological events, but INES has a problem...
We are always looking for up-to-date information. Anyone who can help, please send a message to:
nuclear-world@reaktorpleite.de
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2019-2010 | 2009-2000 | 1999-1990 | 1989-1980 | 1979-1970 | 1969-1960 | 1959-1950 | 1949-1940 | Before
1949
Dec. 2, 1949 "Green Run" (INES 4 | NAMS 3,8) Nuclear factory Hanford, Washington, USA
Those responsible intentionally bet, among other things, 8.000 curies (289 TBq) Iodine-131 free; this experiment became known much later as the "Green Run".
(Cost approx. US$1100 million)
At that time, very few people knew what was happening in Hanford. But by now we've all heard about it, or to put it another way, we've all gotten something from it!
Wikipedia de
green run
The 'Green Run' experiment involved the release of a radioactive cloud from the Hanford Site military nuclear complex. Estimates are in the range of several hundred TBq Iodine 131 and even more cesium 133. The proportion of iodine 131 alone was 5500 curies; This corresponds to approximately 250 times the amount that, according to official information, was released into the surrounding area in the 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant near Harrisburg. The danger of iodine 131 for the thyroid was not yet recognized in the 1940s; iodine 131 could escape unfiltered from the Hanford Site's systems even when used as intended. During normal operation, several 10 TBq medium- and long-lived nuclides released into the Columbia River. Hanford is considered the most radioactively contaminated place in the Western Hemisphere...
Hanford site
The US pays over $200.000 billion annually to private corporations to decontaminate the facility; in addition, around 2014 cubic meters of radioactive waste must be disposed of. In early 2047, a decontamination project manager was fired for the third time after he or she raised concerns about the safety of operations and monitoring procedures. A preliminary plan called for the end of the work in 2014, since 2052 the Ministry of Energy has been assuming at least XNUMX ...
Wikipedia en
Nuclear power accidents by country#United_States
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Hanford (USA)
The Hanford Military Complex is located on the Columbia River north of the city of Richland in northwest Washington state and was used to produce plutonium for military use from 1943 ...
With Hanford, the USA has the worst irradiated nuclear facility in the western world, which was shut down in 1988 and has been decontaminated ever since...
August 29, 1949 - "RDS-1" 1st atomic bomb test Semipalatinsk, KAZ, USSR
Wikipedia de
List of nuclear weapons tests
The Soviet Union carried out its first atomic bomb test ("RDS-1") on Aug 29, 1949 on the Semipalatinsk nuclear weapons test site (now Kazakhstan) through. Between 1949 and 1990, the Soviet Union carried out a total of 715 tests with 969 individual explosives ...
Atomwaffen A - Z
nuclear weapon states
There are nine nuclear weapon states but only five are "recognized". The US, Russia, China, France and the UK -- the states that also have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council -- are named in the NPT as "nuclear-armed states" because they detonated nuclear weapons before 1957. However, India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea also possess nuclear weapons, although Israel does not admit them, and are therefore not members of the NPT...
1948
Did I miss something? Was there one of the military known over 2050 nuclear weapons tests or even a previously little-known incident, possibly from the civil or medical sector?
nuclear-world@reaktorpleite.de
1947
Did I miss something? Was there one of the military known over 2050 nuclear weapons tests or even a previously little-known incident, possibly from the civilian or medical sector?
nuclear-world@reaktorpleite.de
1946
July 1946 - series of atomic bomb tests by the USA, Atoll Bikini
Wikipedia de
List of nuclear weapons tests
The Operation crossroads was the second nuclear weapons testing operation by the United States Armed Forces. It involved two nuclear tests, 'Able' and 'Baker', at Bikini Atoll, US Pacific Islands Trust Territory, in the summer of 1946, each with a TNT equivalent of 23 kT: Test Able was one on July 1, 1946 by a Boeing B -29 Mk.158 implosion bombs dropped and detonated 3 meters above the lagoon, Test Baker was an underwater detonation of an identical bomb at a depth of 27 meters and took place on 25 July 1946 ...
Atomwaffen A - Z
nuclear weapon states
There are nine nuclear weapon states but only five are "recognized". The US, Russia, China, France and the UK -- the states that also have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council -- are named in the NPT as "nuclear-armed states" because they detonated nuclear weapons before 1957. However, India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea also possess nuclear weapons, although Israel does not admit them, and are therefore not members of the NPT...
May 21, 1946 (INES 4) Los Alamos, NM, USA
Wikipedia de
Louis_Slotin
During the Nuclear weapons factory in Los Alamos Canadian physicist Louis Slotin carried out tests on the criticality of plutonium in the presence of several scientists. The experimental setup consisted of a subcritical plutonium core (the same one involved in the 6 accident, hereinafter referred to as the "Demon Core") weighing about 1945 kg, and two hemispheres made of beryllium, which served as neutron reflectors and the core could enclose.
[...] Slotin was able to lift off the upper hemispherical shell and thus reduce the reactivity again. However, he was exposed to a lethal energy dose of about 10 Gray from the accident, with the seven observers receiving up to 1,7 Gray. Slotin died of radiation sickness on May 30...
List of accidents in nuclear facilities
1945
The 2. world war ends September 2, 1945
Federal Agency for Civic Education - bpb.de
final phase and end of the war
[...] On September 2, 1945, the Foreign Minister and Chief of Staff signed the relevant documents on an American battleship in Tokyo Bay in the presence of US Commander-in-Chief Douglas MacArthur and other Allied representatives. Almost exactly six years to the day after it broke out in Europe, the Second World War had come to an end in the Far East.
August 21, 1945 (INES 4) Los Alamos, NM, USA
Wikipedia de
Harry_Daghlian
Harry K. Daghlian Jr. worked on the Omega site of the Nuclear weapons factory in Los Alamos and created supercritical mass when he accidentally dropped a block of tungsten carbide onto a plutonium core (Demon Core). Although he pushed the piece away, he received a fatal dose of radiation in the incident and died on September 15, 1945....
List of accidents in nuclear facilities
On August 6th and 9th, 1945, the USA has atomic bombs Japan ignited.
Wikipedia de
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The atomic bomb explosions killed around 100.000 people immediately - almost exclusively civilians and forced laborers abducted by the Japanese army.
August 6, 1945 - Dropping of the 1st atomic bomb - uranium bomb 'Little Boy' - on Hiroshima! (Explosive power 12.500 tons of TNT)
August 9, 1983- Dropping the 2nd atomic bomb - plutonium bomb 'Fat man'- on Nagasaki! (Explosive power 22.000 tons of TNT)
By the end of 1945, another 130.000 people had died from consequential damage. In the years that followed, many more...
July 16, 1945 - 1st atomic bomb test Trinity, New Mexico, USA
Wikipedia de
The US led the first "Trinity" atomic bomb test in the Alamogordo Test Range when fissile material was found in the Hanford site produced plutonium-239 was used, the explosive power was 20-22 kilotons (kT).
List of nuclear weapons tests
Atomwaffen A - Z
Trinity nuclear test
On July 16, 1945, the first nuclear weapon in history exploded over the New Mexico desert in the United States. At the Alamogordo test site, in the desert of the "Jornada del Muerto" (Day's Journey of the Dead), the USA tested a completely new implosion weapon developed in Los Alamos, which was intended to end World War II. The plutonium bomb detonated in the Trinity nuclear test was the same type of bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9th, killing 4 people in 64.000 months...
United States of America
nuclear weapon states
There are nine nuclear weapon states but only five are "recognized". The US, Russia, China, France and the UK -- the states that also have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council -- are named in the NPT as "nuclear-armed states" because they detonated nuclear weapons before 1957. However, India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea also possess nuclear weapons, although Israel does not admit them, and are therefore not members of the NPT...
In Europe it ends 2. world war on May 8, 1945...
Federal Agency for Civic Education - bpb.de
final phase and end of the war
[...] Finally, on behalf of Dönitz, Generaloberst Jodel declared the total surrender of all German armed forces on May 7, 1945 at Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims. It came into effect the following day, ending World War II in Europe...
1944
The 2. world war...
1943
The 2. world war...
Work on the Hanford Engineer Works (HEW) began in March 1943. Before the end of the war in August 1945, 554 buildings were erected in Hanford:
- three reactors (100-B, 100-D, and 100-F)
- three plutonium processing plants (200-T, 200-B, and 200-U)
- 64 underground tanks for highly radioactive waste
- uranium enrichment plants
- 621 km of road
- 254 km of railway line
- 4 electrical distribution stations
- plus hundreds of kilometers of fences.
600.000 m³ of concrete and 40.000 tons of steel were used for this at a total cost of 230 million US dollars. Hanford is considered the most radioactive place in the Western Hemisphere...
1942
The 2. world war...
Wikipedia de
Chicago Pile 1
Chicago Pile refers to a series of experimental reactors. The first three of these reactors were part of the Manhattan Project, whose goal was to build atomic bombs.
When the Chicago Pile 1 (English pile, pile '), short CP-1, reached criticality, he was the first functional man-made nuclear reactor. The pilot plant was built by the Metallurgical Laboratory at the private University of Chicago. It should confirm the theoretical expectation that a self-sustaining fission chain reaction can be controlled. The metallurgical laboratory was founded in 1942 by Arthur Holly Compton, a winner of the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics. The reactor development had the goal of breeding weapons-grade plutonium from uranium-238 for the Manhattan project ...
Jun. 23, 1942 - University of Leipzig
In the laboratory of the experimental physicist Prof. Robert Döpel a so-called uranium machine exploded, burning the uranium powder used. It was a nuclear test facility, which was used in the Third Reich as part of the secret uranium project was used. Hydrogen was produced, as it was in the run-up to a number of later nuclear accidents - up to and including Fukushima in 2011. Although the extent of the fire was relatively small, it took the fire police two days to extinguish it. The emergency services were not wearing respirators, which meant they inhaled radioactive material...
1941
The 2. world war...
On December 07.12.1941th, XNUMX, Japanese naval aviators attacked the American port 'Pearl Harbor'in Hawaii, on December 08.12.1941th, XNUMX the USA officially entered World War II.
On February 24.02.1941th, 94, the chemist Arthur Wahl provided clear evidence for the element XNUMX (plutonium).
1940
The 2. world war rages...
December 14, 1940 Plutonium discovered by the Americans Glenn T. Seaborg, JW Kennedy, EM McMillan, Michael Cefola and Arthur Wahl, they produced the isotope 238Pu by bombarding uranium 238U with deuterium in a cyclotron ...
The Second World War began on September 01st, 1939 with the German invasion of Poland. At that time, Japan was in a border war with the Soviet Union (1938/39) and in East Asia, since the Marco Polo Bridge incident on 07.07.1937/XNUMX/XNUMX, at war with China...
On August 02nd, 1939 Albert Einstein signed a letter to US President Roosevelt warning the President of a German atomic bomb. Einstein later described this letter and his signature below as his "biggest mistake".
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