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INES and the disturbances in nuclear facilities
1990 – 1999
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INES, Who the f... is INES?
The International Scale of Nuclear and Radiological Events (INES) is a tool to educate the public about the safety implications of nuclear and radiological events, but INES has a problem...
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2019-2010 | 2009-2000 | 1999-1990 | 1989-1980 | 1979-1970 | 1969-1960 | 1959-1950 | 1949-1940 | Before
1999
December 27, 1999 (INES 2) NPP 
Blayais, FRA
A storm flooded the Blayais-2 nuclear reactor, forcing an emergency shutdown after injection pumps
and safety systems of the containment had failed due to water damage.
(Cost 63 million US$)
Nuclear Power Accidents
Wikipedia de
Blayais Nuclear Power Plant
Security - High water
Hurricane Martin caused severe flooding in the area of the nuclear power plant on the evening of December 27, 1999, resulting in a Category 2 accident on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES 2). At this time, the third reactor unit was shut down for routine maintenance. The storm initially caused disruptions in the 400 kV network, which led to an automatic shutdown of reactor units 2 and 4. The storm then pushed the water from the Gironde over the protective dikes into the site of the nuclear power plant. The water flooded underground areas of the reactor buildings in Units 1 and 2. Parts of the cooling system and emergency cooling system as well as other safety devices were also flooded...
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Blayais (France)
Incidents and incidents
On December 27, 1999, a serious accident almost occurred at the facility in the Gironde Delta. The French power grid partially failed after a violent storm. Parts of the nuclear power plant were flooded by a tidal wave that was higher than calculated in the safety analyses. The existing flood protection systems proved to be unreliable. Fortunately, the power supply could be maintained using emergency diesel. Several safety devices and pumps failed after an emergency shutdown. The event was only publicly announced days later and categorized as an INES level 2 incident...
September 30, 1999 (INES 4) Nuclear factory Tokaimura, JPN
Workers at the Tokaimura uranium processing plant tried to save time and put too much uranium in a preparation tank (16,6 kg instead of 2,3 kg). Two people died and 1.200 were injured.
(Cost approx. US$63 million)
Nuclear Power Accidents
Wikipedia de
Tokaimura nuclear accident in 1999
... To speed up the process and thus save money, that day the plant workers filled the precipitation vessel with 16,6 kg of uranium instead of the permitted 2,4 kg - a sixfold excess. The critical mass, which in this case was 5 kg, was significantly exceeded, resulting in an explosive accumulation of fission neutrons. This inevitably led to an uncontrollable chain reaction, which the workers perceived as a "blue flash" (Cherenkov light) accompanied by a loud bang. The workers who were involved in the work processes at that time had not been informed or only partially informed about the dangers of the criticality.
The nuclear chain reaction released gamma and neutron radiation over a period of 20 hours...
The number of people who received increased doses of radiation is given as 35 to 63. Three workers were exposed to particularly high levels of radioactivity of up to 17 sieverts. Around 300.000 residents were asked not to leave their homes. This accident is officially rated INES 4, but by some scientists INES level 5.
Two workers died as a result of the increased radiation ...
Wikipedia en
Nuclear power accidents by country#Japan
Translation with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Tokaimura, Japan
The worst nuclear accident in Japan to date occurred on September 30, 1999 at the Tokaimura fuel element factory in Japan. Two workers, who had not been informed by the operator JCO about the dangers of highly enriched uranium, had filled a uranium solution into a tank with steel buckets and by hand in too large a quantity and used "spoon-like devices" to mix it. In order to save time during production, the operator changed a procedural regulation without the knowledge of the nuclear regulator and the work processes were shortened...
There are comparable nuclear factories all over the world:
Uranium enrichment and reprocessing - facilities and sites
During reprocessing, the inventory of spent fuel elements can be separated from one another in a complex chemical process (PUREX). Separated uranium and plutonium can then be reused. As far as the theory...
Youtube
Uranium economy: Facilities for processing uranium
Reprocessing plants turn a few tons of nuclear waste into many tons of nuclear waste
All uranium and plutonium factories produce radioactive nuclear waste: Uranium processing, enrichment and reprocessing plants, whether in Hanford, La Hague, Sellafield, Mayak, Tokaimura or wherever in the world, all have the same problem: with every processing step More and more extremely toxic and highly radioactive waste is being produced...
June 18, 1999 (INES 2) NPP Shika, JPN
A control rod malfunction triggered an uncontrolled nuclear reaction in unit 1 of the Shika nuclear power plant.
(Cost approx. US$39,6 million)
Nuclear Power Accidents
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Shika Nuclear Power Plant (Japan)
From 1992 and 2005, two boiling water reactors with 540 and 1.206 MW capacity were operated in Shika. After the severe earthquake on July 16, 2007 off the west coast of Japan, the two reactors were retrofitted in December 2007 for safety reasons. On March 18, 2009, a lawsuit filed by Japanese citizens due to safety concerns and the aim of shutting down Shika-2 was dismissed in the second instance ...
Accident
In June 1999, three of 1 control rods on the Shika-89 unit slipped from their normal positions, setting off an uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction. This event, which the operator kept secret until 2007, was eventually classified as an INES level 2 incident. The reactor was therefore shut down from March 2007 to mid-May 2009. The incident was attributed to an error in a manual...
Wikipedia de
Shika Nuclear Power Plant
On June 18, 1999, an incident occurred in which three control rods were removed from the core instead of inserting one. This meant that the reactor could no longer be controlled for 15 minutes. All of this only became known on March 15, 2007, the authorities had not been informed.
Wikipedia en
Nuclear power accidents by country#Japan
Translation with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
1998
1998 (INES 2) NPP Bilibino, Siberia, RUS
Wikipedia de
An INES 2 incident occurred in 1998 at the Bilibino nuclear power plant.
Bilibino nuclear power plant
Wikipedia en
Nuclear power accidents by country#Russia
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Bilibino (Russia)
1998 nuclear power (INES Class.?) NPP Purpose or Tihange, BEL
Wikipedia de
Doel Nuclear Power Plant
Tihange Nuclear Power Plant
Belgium is one of the few Western European countries that, like the USA, examines its accidents with the help of so-called precursor analyzes for risk relevance. The supervisory authority AVN also uses the probability calculation. The most serious incident was a complete brief failure of the component cooling in an unspecified block of the Doel or Tihange nuclear power plant sites. Many of the operational and safety systems rely on other systems (the failed ones) for cooling to function, illustrating the magnitude of this failure.
Wikipedia en
Nuclear power accidents by country#Belgium
Translation with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Tihange nuclear power plant (Belgium)
Doel Nuclear Power Plant (Belgium)
May 28 and 30, 1998 - Pakistan detonates 6 nuclear bombs underground Ras Koh, PAK
Wikipedia de
Armed Forces of Pakistan
According to its own statements, Pakistan successfully carried out six nuclear tests on May 28th and 30th, 1998 (as a reaction to the 5 Indian tests on May 11th and 13.05.1998th, XNUMX). However, based on the seismic signals, experts assume that only two tests were actually carried out ...
Pakistan nuclear program
List of nuclear weapons tests
Atomwaffen A - Z
Pakistan
May 11-13, 1998 - India detonates 5 nuclear bombs underground Pokhran, IND
Wikipedia de
Nuclear energy in India#Military use
The first nuclear charge had an explosive force of 43 kilotons of TNT equivalent and was detonated on May 11, 1998 at the army base near Pokhran (Rajasthan) in the Thar desert for test purposes, 4 further tests were also carried out in Pokhran on May 13.
List of nuclear weapons tests
Atomwaffen A - Z
India
1997
March 11, 1997
(INES 3) Nuclear factory Tokaimura, JPN
At least 37 workers were exposed to increased levels of radiation after an explosion at the plant.
(Costs ?)
Nuclear Power Accidents
Wikipedia de
Tokai (Ibaraki)
On March 11, 1997, a fire in the solidification plant caused the worst nuclear accident in Japan to date. 37 workers were contaminated. A week later, in the city of Tsukuba, 60 kilometers away, “drastically increased levels of the radioactive gamma emitter cesium in rainwater” were found. According to Georg Blume, Japan's "most influential politician" at the time, Seiroku Kajiyama (LDP), said: "'We have placed too much trust in the nuclear industry for over forty years.'" The accident was finally classified according to INES level 3...
Wikipedia en
Nuclear power accidents by country#Japan
Translation with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Tokaimura, Japan 1999
There are comparable nuclear factories all over the world:
Uranium enrichment and reprocessing - facilities and sites
During reprocessing, the inventory of spent fuel elements can be separated from one another in a complex chemical process (PUREX). Separated uranium and plutonium can then be reused. As far as the theory...
1996
1996 (INES Class.?) NPP Oskarshamn 1, SWE
Wikipedia de
Oskarshamn nuclear power plant
In this system, the core jacket had to be replaced due to a tear in its circumferential seam of almost the circumference. The core jacket is part of the internals of the reactor vessel. Its rupture could make it impossible to shut down the reactor quickly. (Sources: IAEA, SKI)
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Oskarshamn (Sweden)
1995
1995 (INES Class.?) NPP Trillo, ESP
Wikipedia de
Trillo Nuclear Power Plant
During inspections, it was found that half of the strands of the sump recirculation of the emergency cooling were blocked with foreign objects. According to the authority CSN, it was a matter of incorrect dispositions in the construction phase eight years ago, with which the supplier Siemens-KWU was also responsible (source: NRC-NUREG 0933)
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Trillo (Spain)
1994
December 10, 1994 (INES 2 Class.?) NPP Pickering, On, CAN
An accident with loss of coolant. A burst pipe released 185 tons of heavy water.
(Costs ?)
Nuclear Power Accidents
Slowly but surely, all the relevant info on disruptions in the nuclear industry is coming out Wikipedia away!
Wikipedia en
Pickering Incidents
On December 10, 1994, an accident occurred with a loss of coolant. The Senate Standing Committee on Energy, Environment and Natural Resources called it the worst accident in Canadian history (June 2001). The emergency core cooling system was deployed to prevent a core meltdown...
Nuclear power accidents by country#Canada
Page No. 8 - Safety Issues at the Pickering “A” Nuclear Station
Ontario's Nuclear Generating Facilities - English - PDF file
Translation with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Pickering_(Canada)
The grassroots organization Sierra Club Canada protested against the lifetime extension in 2013 and called for the nuclear power plant to be shut down immediately due to aging, increasing radiation and increasing release of tritium. In June 2010, for example, unexpected beta-gamma radiation from reactors 5 to 8 was released into the water.
On March 17, 2011, 73.000 liters of water, slightly contaminated with tritium, flowed into Lake Ontario because of a sealing problem at a pump. The operator and supervisory authority described the risks as "negligible".
In January 2012, contaminated water leaked from the "broken" Reactor 4 due to a leak, according to the Sierra Club...
March 1994 (INES Class.?) NPP Biblis A, GER
Wikipedia de
Nuclear Power Plant Biblis
In March 1994, the engine of a main coolant pump burned inside the containment in Biblis A because a short circuit had occurred due to a chisel that had been forgotten in the engine during maintenance work...
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Biblis (Hesse)
1994 (INES Class.?) NPP Dukovany, CZE
Wikipedia de
Dukovany nuclear power plant
An electrician's mistake in maintaining the grid led to the disconnection of all four reactor blocks from the grid. After load shedding, two of the blocks reached production for their own use, the other two failed to follow this procedure and had to be supplied by their emergency diesel generators after an emergency shutdown. One of the diesels did not start automatically and had to be started manually on site. There were also a large number of smaller malfunctions (source: SKI-Report IRS)
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Dukovany (Czech Republic)
1993
April 6, 1993 (INES 4 | NAMS 4,8) Tomsk 7, RUS
In 1993, a radioactive accident occurred in Seversk when a tank exploded and large amounts of radioactive particles (3500 Tbq) contaminated the surrounding area.
(Costs approx. 51 million US$)
Nuclear Power Accidents
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Seversk, Tomsk-7, former Soviet Union 1993
On April 6, 1993, overpressure occurred in a tank containing a solution of 8.773 kg of uranium and 310 g of plutonium, which then exploded. "Radioactive particles thrown into the atmosphere contaminated an area of over 120 square kilometers. Numerous villages had to be evacuated and are permanently uninhabitable. People in the region are still suffering from the consequences today. Many show the same symptoms as the victims of Chernobyl and Mayak: Cancer, blood diseases, genetic damage."
“Disposal” of nuclear waste and investigation reports
33 million cubic meters of liquid radioactive waste were simply pressed into the ground - in water-bearing layers. Near the River Tom, radioactivity is up to 30 times higher than normal background radiation. "In addition, elevated concentrations of cobalt-58, chromium-51, zinc-65 and "lots of plutonium were found in the soil." The concentration of cesium-137 in the groundwater is as high as in the irradiated Chernobyl." As in Chernobyl, the local authorities and the population were only informed late. No protective measures were taken against radiation; people were simply sent home.
Three days after the serious nuclear accident, then President Boris Yeltsin ordered a safety inspection of the plant, which did not take place until October 1993 and the results of which were also 'disposed of'. "On November 1st, the deputy head of nuclear supervision, Yuri Zubkov, signed the report, of which there are only five copies. They disappeared into the drawers of the state nuclear mafia...
Wikipedia de
Tomsk Nuclear Engineering Plant
On April 6, 1993, an explosion in the reprocessing plant, which was primarily used for the production of weapons-grade plutonium, released large quantities of mainly short-lived radioactive substances (according to the IAEA, the relatively highly radiotoxic ruthenium as well as niobium and zirconium, but also smaller ones Quantities of other types of nuclide such as plutonium). The accident occurred while cleaning a reaction vessel with nitric acid. As a result, 120 square kilometers in the Seversk region were contaminated. The accident was classified as Level 4 on the International Nuclear Event Scale and was described by TIME magazine as “one of the world's worst nuclear disasters”...
1992
June 28, 1992 (INES 2) Barsebäck-2, SWE
A leaking valve in the Barsebäck boiling water reactor automatically triggered safety functions such as reactor shutdown, high-pressure safety injection, core spray and containment spray systems. The jet of steam from an open safety valve hit thermally insulated equipment. The insulation material was swept into the suppression pool, affecting the core's emergency cooling system, which is essential for heat removal in the event of a reactor coolant leak.
(Costs ?)
Nuclear Power Accidents
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Barsebäck (Sweden)
risks and incidents
The Barsebäck nuclear power plant was considered particularly dangerous in neighboring Denmark, as it is only 20 km away from its capital Copenhagen on the other side of the Öresund. The Öresund is one of the busiest waterways in Europe and Copenhagen Airport's approach path is close to the nuclear power plant.
On July 28, 1992, hot steam shot into the reactor hall from a defective valve in Barsebäck-2, taking with it large amounts of rock wool that had served as insulating material. The rock wool clogged all the filters in the emergency cooling system within 20 minutes, a period no one had expected. Fortunately, since the normal cooling system worked, Sweden avoided a serious accident. The incident resulted in the temporary closure of Barsebäck I and II, Oskarsham I and II and Ringhals as well as expensive renovation work. As has been the case several times before, Denmark has called for the closure of Barsebäck...
Wikipedia de
Barsebäck nuclear power plant
Since it is only 20 kilometers from the Danish capital Copenhagen, the Danish government pushed for the nuclear power plant to be the first to be shut down as part of Sweden's nuclear phase-out...
1991
July 10, 1991 (INES 3) NPP Bilibino, RUS
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Bilibino (Russia)
According to Green Cross Russia (GCR), the incorrect design of the reactors and various leaks in the primary circuit have led to contamination of the Chukchi region. The immediate environment was contaminated with strontium-90, cesium-137 and tritium. Several incidents were reported in 1991, including one on July 10, 1991, which was classified as INES level 3...
Wikipedia de
Nuclear power plant Bilibino
There was a leak as a result of the transfer of liquid high-level radioactive waste to a warehouse. Not only the Akw building and the means of transport were contaminated, but also the premises of the head office.
Wikipedia en
Nuclear power accidents by country#Russia
Translation with https://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
1990
1990 (INES 2) NPP Leibstadt, CHE
Wikipedia de
Leibstadt nuclear power plant
When this reactor - located on the German border - was started up, it was noticed after three hours at an output of 20% that the rapid shutdown on demand would not work. The reactor was slowly shut down using the control rod motors...
AtomkraftwerkePlag
Leibstadt (Switzerland)
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